Nanotube structure classification

II. CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT INORGANIC COMPOUNDS FORMING FULLERENE-LIKE STRUCTURES AND NANOTUBES... 

Classification of the Different Mechanisms for the Folding of Inorganic Compounds, which Yield Close-cage Structures and Nanotubes... 

It is worth noting that some confusion exists at present in classifying nanochannels as ID or 2D. NanosUts are also referred to by some researchers as ID confined nanochannels, and sometimes simplified as ID nanochannels, while nanotubes are called 2D confined nanochannels. This is exactly opposite to the above classification, so caution must be used to find out what a researcher means by ID and 2D nanochannels in his writing. Here the definition follows the common practice in naming low-dimensional structures for example, thin films are usually denoted as two dimensional, and nanowires are usually denoted as one dimensional. 

Fig. 6.13 Tentative classification of bi-component hybrids most commonly reported in electro-analytical applications. A alloy and core shell metal structures, B nanoparticles (NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) encapsulated by a thin polymeric layer, C NPs grafted on the surface of CNTs and graphene, D mixture of NPs, E fullerenes included in polymeric matrices, F NPs and CNTs in polymeric matrices (Reproduced fi om Ref [169] with the permission of Springer)...

Wick P, Louw-Gaume AE, Kucki M, Krug HF, Kostarelos K, Faded B, Dawson KA, Salvati A, Vazquez E, Ballerini L, Tretiach M, Benfenati F, Plahaut E, Gauthier L, Prato M, Bianco A (2014) Classification framework for graphene-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 53 2-7 Wilder JWG, Venema LC, Rinzler AG, Smalley RE, Dekker C (1998) Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes. Nature 391 59-62 Yalcin B, Valladares D, Cakmak M (2003) Amplification effect of platelet type nanoparticles on the orientation behavior of injection molded nylon 6 composites. Polymer 44 6913-6925 You Z, Mills-Beale J, Foley JM, Roy S, Odegard GM, Dai Q, Goh SW (2011) Nanoclay-modified asphalt materials preparation and characterization. Construct Build Mater 25 1072-1078... 

Carbon exists in two allotropic forms—diamond and graphite —as well as in the amorphous state. The carbon group of materials does not fall within any of the traditional metal, ceramic, or polymer classification schemes. However, we choose to discuss them in this chapter because graphite is sometimes classified as a ceramic. This treatment of the carbons focuses primarily on the structures of diamond and graphite. Discussions on the properties and apphcations (both current and potential) of diamond and graphite as well as the nanocarbons (i.e., fuUerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene) are presented in Sections 13.8 and 13.9. 

In this chapter, size classification refers to the separation of particles by size so that the resulting aerosol contains particles of a given size, whereas size characterization is the determination of the size distribution of the aerosol. Size characterization of nanoflbers and nanotubes is commonly performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM analysis has proven invaluable for examining the structure and composition of individual particles and is also valuable for size characterization if immediate feedback is not needed. Inasmuch as the particles must first be collected and then analyzed, the process is slow and laborious. 

In this chapter, online size classification techniques for both diameter and length of gas phase nanofibers are reviewed. In addition, unipolar diffusion charging theories for fibers are discussed. Based on the findings of this review, an approach to online size characterization of carbon nanotubes (and nanofibers) is developed and experimental results are presented. Because of the importance of TEM analysis for size measurement confirmation and for structure and compositional analysis, a brief discussion of microscopy sample preparation and analysis is also presented. 

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