Nanotube chemical vapor deposition synthesis

P. Coquay, E. Flahaut, E. de Grave, A. Peigney, R.E. Vandenberghe, and C. Laurent, Fe/Co alloys for the catalytic chemical vapor deposition synthesis of single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). 2. The CNT-Fe/Co-MgAl204 system. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 17825-17830 (2005). 

J. Campos-Delgado, I. 0. Maciel, D. A. Cuiien, D.J. Smith, A. Jorio, M. A. Pimenta, H. Terrones, M. Terrones, Chemical vapor deposition synthesis of N-, P-, and Si-doped singie-waiied carbon nanotubes, ACS Nano, vol. 4, pp. 1696-1702, 2010. 

Li, Y.-L., I.A. Kinloch, and A.H. Windle, Direct Spinning of Carbon Nanotube Fibers from Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis. Science, 2004. 304(5668) p. 276-278. 

Chemical Vapor Deposition synthesis of aligned nanotube films... 

Figure 1.6. Carbon nanotube structures obtained by chemical vapor deposition synthesis, (a) SEM image of self-oriented MWNT arrays. Each tower-like structure is formed by many closely packed multiwalled nanotubes, (b) SEM top view of a hexagonal network of SWNTs (line-like structures) suspended on top of silicon posts (bright dots), (c) SEM top view of a square network of suspended SWNTs, (d) Side view of a suspended SWNT power line on silicon posts (bright) and (e) SWNTs suspended by silicon structures (bright regions). Reproduced from reference 3 with permission from American Chemical Society.

Bondi, S. N., et al. (2006), Laser assisted chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes and their characterization, Carbon, 44,1393-1403. 

Li YL, Kinloch lA, Windle AH (2004) Direct spinning of carbon nanotube fibers from chemical vapor deposition synthesis. Science 304 276... 

Xie, J., Mukhopadyay, K., Yadev, J., Varadan, V. K., Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis and Electron Microscopy Observation of Coiled Carbon Nanotubes, Smart Mater. Struct., 12,744-748 (2003). 

The approaches used for preparation of inorganic nanomaterials can be divided into two broad categories solution-phase colloidal synthesis and gas-phase synthesis. Metal and semiconductor nanoparticles are usually synthesized via solution-phase colloidal techniques,4,913 whereas high-temperature gas-phase processes like chemical vapor deposition (CVD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), and vapor transfer are widely used for synthesis of high-quality semiconductor nanowires and carbon nanotubes.6,7 Such division reflects only the current research bias, as promising routes to metallic nanoparticles are also available based on vapor condensation14 and colloidal syntheses of high-quality semiconductor nanowires.15... 

Liu J, Czerw R, Carroll DL (2005a) Large-scale synthesis of highly aligned nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes by injection chemical vapor deposition methods. Journal of Materials Research 20 538-543. 

Recently, the efficacy of LDHs as catalyst precursors for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes via catalytic chemical vapor deposition of acetylene has been reported by Duan et al. [72]. Nanometer-sized cobalt particles were prepared by calcination and subsequent reduction of a single LDH precursor containing cobalt(II) and aluminum ions homogeneously dispersed at the atomic level. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with uniform diameters were obtained. 

Che, G., Lakshmi, B.B., Martin, C.R., and Fisher, E.R. Chemical vapor deposition based synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers using a template method. Chem. Mater. 10, 1998 260-267. 

For large scale production of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is most effective. Acetylene, ethylene, propylene, methane, natural gas (consisting predominantly of propane), carbon monoxide were used as a source of carbon [ 1 -8] (in view of large number of publications on CNT synthesis these references are selected arbitrary). Ethylene and possibly propylene are most convenient carbon sources for mass synthesis of high quality multiwall CNT (MWNT). 

J. K. Nahm, 5. Ju, B.-K. Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition and Their Field Emission Properties. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110,5310-5314. 

The synthesis processes for the nanotubes have been continuously refined in the recent years and today, a number of methods are available to synthesize both single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. These methods include high temperature evaporation using arc-discharge (28-30), laser ablation (31), chemical vapor deposition etc. (32-34). 

Stephan was the first to attempted direct synthesis of the B and N multi walled carbon nanotubes (BCN-MWNTs) in 1994 [15-17]. Since then, considerable progress has been made in the synthesis of BCN-MWNTs by different means of arc-discharge [16-18], laser ablation [18-20], piyolysis methods [18,21], and chemical vapor deposition [18,20-24]. Aligned BNC nanotubes have been sueeessfully fabricated by bias assisted hot filament chemieal vapor deposition [27,28]. Up to now, the only existing BCN-SWNTs synthesis was achieved via an... 

Lee, C.J., Park, J.H. and Park, J. (2000). Synthesis of bamboo-shaped multiwalled carbon nanotubes using thermal chemical vapor deposition. Chem. Phys. Lett., 323, 560-5. 

The mechanism of nanotube formation in chemical vapor deposition features characteristics rather distinct from those found for the synthesis by arc discharge or laser ablation. Contrary to the latter, a solution of small carbon clusters in and subsequent diffusion through catalyst particles play a minor role in the deposition from the gas phase. The employed hydrocarbons decompose directly on the surface of the catalytic particle. The carbon, therefore, becomes immediately available for nanotube growth. 

Dozens of methods to synthesize nanotubes, nanowires, and nanorods have been reported that can be found in the references included in Table 1. In addition to the most well known ones, such as hot plasmas, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, high temperature solid state and hydrothermal synthesis, fill-ing/coating of carbon nanotubes and similar types of materials, three methods have been developed that enable the synthesis of a wealth of new anisotropic nanoparticles. 

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