Nanostructured metals for better orthopedic implants with improved biological functions

2 Nanostructured metals for better orthopedic implants with improved biological functions 

Nanorongh Ti fabricated by other fabrication processes also lead to improved osteoblast functions. For instance, de Oliverira et al. reported that nanotextured Ti, which was prepared by chemical etching, enhanced metabolic activities of cultured bone cells (i.e., up-regnlations of bone sialoprotein and osteopontin) [39]. Similarly, 

Modified with permission from Prof. Thomas J. Webster. 

However, nanostructured CoCrMo implants still possess a potential risk of longterm toxicity caused by nanoscale wear debris from the articulating surfaces [30], especially in the case of metal-on-metal implants. In a recent study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of nanoparticles and micron-sized particles of CoCr alloy were 

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