Nanostructured electrode materials conversion electrodes

Manthiram A, Murugan AV, Sarkar A, Muraliganth T (2008) Nanostructured electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Energ Environ Sci l(6) 621-638. doi 10.1039/b811802g... 

Transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) confirmed the porosity of the NiO nanotubes and further revealed their substructure to be nanocrystalline with crystallite sizes ranging from 5 to 10 nm, see Fig. 6.7. The oxidation of nanopatterned cobalt films worked equally well [18]. The gyroid structure was nicely preserved during oxidation. The XRD data present in Fig. 6.8 suggests a complete conversion to C03 O4. Nanostructured cobalt oxide is a battery electrode material, but due to time constrains this was not tested in this study. 

Carbon materials are well known as good working electrodes in electrochemistry [297,298]. The demand for advanced energy conversion and storage devices has intensified studies on nanostructured carbon materials [299]. The templating... 

Titanium oxide nanostructures have versatile applications, for example, in photocatalysis, solar-energy conversion, sensors, and ductile ceramics. The synthesis of derivatives with all kinds of size and shape (spherical particles, nanotubes, and nanorods) has been described in numerous studies. Out of the three main titanium polymorphs (anatase, brookite, rutile), research so far has been centred on the synthesis of anatase nanoparticles. However, recently the generation of nanometer-sized rutile has received growing attention due to its promising potential as a photocatalyst and as an electrode material. 

J. Phys. Chem. C (8) Boschloo, G. Edvinsson, T. Hagfeldt, A. Dye-sensitized nanostructured ZnO electrodes for solar cell applications. In Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion Soga, T., Ed. Elsevier Amsterdam, 2007 pp 227-254. ... 

One way of producing carbon nanomaterial in the condensed phase is the electrolytic conversion of graphite electrodes in a melt of alkali halogenides. Depending on the reaction conditions, various carbon nanostructures are formed especially in molten hthium chloride and bromide. In the apparatus shown in Figure 4.22, the depth of immersion and the amperage are the leading parameters to control whether MWNT, carbon onions, or amorphous material are the main product. Apart from that, the temperature is another important factor as carbon nanostructures wiU only be formed above 500 °C. The carbon onions observed in... 

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