Nanoporous crystalline phases applications

As for possible perspectives of the nanoporous crystalline phases, applications are expected in the field of controlled release of drugs and pesticides. 

Preparation, Structure, Properties, and Applications of Co-Crystals and Nanoporous Crystalline Phases of Syndiotactic Polystyrene... 

Structure, preparation, properties, and applications of the nanoporous crystalline phases of syndiotactic polystyrene are described in section 3 of this chapter. 

In the section on structure and fundamental properties of SPS, Chapter 9 summarizes the polymorphic behavior of this polymer, the structure of the different forms, and the crystallization and melting behavior. Chapter 10 describes co-crystals and nanoporous crystalline phases of SPS regarding preparation, structure, properties, and new interesting applications, for example, molecular sensors. The section concludes with Chapter 11 on selected topics of crystallization thermodynamics and kinetics of SPS. 

Mesophases can be locked into a polymer network by making use of polymerizable LCs [59]. These molecules contain moieties such as acryloyl, diacety-lenic, and diene. Self-organization and in situ photopolymerization under UV irradiation will provide ordered nanostmctured polymers maintaining the stable LC order over a wide temperature range. A number of thermotropic liquid crystalline phases, including the nematic and smectic mesophases, have been successfully applied to synthesize polymer networks. Polymerization of reactive lyotropic liquid crystals also have been employed for preparation of nanoporous polymeric materials [58, 60]. For the constmction of nanoporous membranes, lyotropics hexagonal or columnar, lamellar or smectic, and bicontinuous cubic phases have been used, polymerized, and utilized demonstrated in a variety of applications (Fig. 2.11). 

The above-discussed acid retardation and base retardation in the immobiUzed Uquid phase could be compared with the so-called salting-out effects. However, this term is hardly applicable to the case of salt retardation, the first example of which was demonstrated by a successful removal of small amounts of NH4CI from a concentrated brine of (NH4)2S04. This practically important problem arises in the manufacture of caprolactam, where large amounts of sulfuric acid are converted into ammonium sulfate used for the preparation of the crystalline fertilizer. The new process of ISE on nanoporous NN-381 resin allowed an effective purification of very large volumes of concentrated sulfate brine, due to the fact that small ions of NH and Cl are efficiently squeezed into and retained in the finest pores of the sorbent [172]. We consider this salt retardation process as a convincing proof of our interpretation of the mechanisms of the new electrolyte separation process. 

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