Nanofabrication three-dimensional

Modern nanotechnology and nanofabrication processes are advancing towards manipulation of structure and functions on the molecular scale [19-23]. Many innovations and strategic areas of research which have appeared during the last 5-10 years corroborate the famous opinion of R. Feynman there is a plenty of space on the bottom [471]. Some prominent examples include self-assembly of small molecules and their ordering at interfaces [8,220,472,473 ], three-dimensional macromolecules with a defined shape, interior and surface structure [34-38], and templating of biomolecules [39-41,474]. Most of these concepts follow a biomimetic approach, where synthetic structures mimic organisation princi-... 

Soft lithography is an emerging method for micro- and nanofabrication of two- or three-dimensional structures on surfaces.73 78 This method developed by Whitesides and coworkers uses elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks for creating patterns as small as tens of nanometers on substrates. Depending on the... 

Two-photon three-dimensional (3D) micro- and nanofabrication using a femtosecond laser have been used to create various types of 3D micro- and submicrometer structures [70, 74, 260, 265, 574], A microscope with axial (z) and lateral (r) resolutions given by Eqs. (77) and (78) was used for laser microfabrication [574]. Wavelength of irradiation light (/.), refractive index of the material (/ ), and numerical aperture of the objective lens (NA) influence the resolution in axial and lateral directions. 

Photoinitiators for Multiphotonic Absorption Multiphoton three-dimensional micro- and nanofabrication is an emerging technology where a laser beam activates the medium by a multiphoton excitation of the photoinitiator. Conventional one-photon UV sensitive cleavable photoinitiators such as bis-acyl phosphine oxides or benzoin ethers can be activated at 700-900 nm (which is thought to lead to the generation of the same usual initiating radicals) but their two-photon absorption cross sections are rather low. New developments are under way [106-111]. 

S. Jeon et al., Three-dimensional nanofabrication with rubber stamps and conformable photomasks, Adv. Mater., 16, 1369, 2004. 

FIGURE 3.4 (A) Fabrication of polymer solar cell from PEDOTiPSS thin film. (B) Fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) nonwoven nanofabric-based organic solar cell. (A) Reproduced with permission from reference Oh, J.Y., Shin, M., Lee, J.B., Ahn, J.-H., Baik, H.K., Jeong, U., 2014. Effect ofPEDOT nanofibril networks on the conductivity, flexibility, and coatability of PEDOT PSS films. ACSAppl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 6954-6961. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. 

Chapter 12 focuses on recent advancements in EMM for micro and nanofabrication. It contains various emerging variants of EMM. Various interesting factors of surface structuring of aluminum, stainless steel, and titanium, etc., by EMM have been presented considering not only simple flat surfaces but also complex curved surfaces. EMM can also be successfully utilized for fabrication of three-dimensional nanostructures which has also been reported. 

Jiao, A., Trosper, N.E., Yang, H.S., Kim, J., Tsui, J.H., et al. Thermoresponsive nanofabricated substratum for the engineering of three-dimensional tissues with layer-by-layer architectural control. ACS Nano 8,4430-4439 (2014)... 

Recently developed nanofabrication techniques include dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), which uses functionalized atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips to deposit biomolecules on surfaces with pattern features as small as 10 nm [68]. Used for the creation of protein nanoarrays and virus arrays, this technique can create patterns with multiple components [68,69]. Enzymes have also been selectively deposited for biochemical modification of self-assembled monolayers [70]. While nanofabrication techniques are effective for patterning two-dimensional surfaces, these methods are quite limited in terms of processing time and are not suitable for three-dimensional scaffolds. 

J. H. Cho, A. Azam, and D. H. Gracias, Three dimensional nanofabrication using surface forces, Langmuir, 26,16534-16539 (2010]. 

Baldacchini. T. and Fourkas, J.T. (2004) Three-dimensional nanofabrication using multiphoton absorption, in Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (eds (.A. Schwarz, 1. Contenscu, and C.K. Putyera), Marcel Dekker, pp. 395-3915. 

Jeon, S., Menard, E., Park, J.U., Maria, J., Meid, M., Zaumseil, J., and Rogers, J.A. (2004) Three-dimensional nanofabrication with mbber stamps and conformable photomasks. Adv. Mater.,... 

Applications of Nanotextured Surfaces Three-dimensional Aspects of Nanofabrication... 

Hybrid high resolution three-dimensional nanofabrication for meta materials and nanoplasmonics.Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 25,1260—1264. 

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