Nano-size pillars

These ideas on using patterned substrates led to several subsequent works exploring the use of nano-sized islands as growth nucleation sites. Such patterned substrates were also shown to be compliant under stress due to lattice mismatch [5]. In this approach, the substrate was patterned (by photolithography for example) into tiny pillars. 

Pillaring of metal sulfides has been achieved [91], and even metal-rich framework structures can be prepared [92]. Even for these materials template removal is not possible, they are still an interesting approach to nano-sized semiconductors, namely so-called anti-dot lattices where the semiconducting lattice surrounds template-filled voids of lower conductivity [86]. Template removal is probably not the essential problem for the design of a nanostructur-ed material, since often the goals of unusual size-dependent optical or electronic properties might be achieved with the composite of template and framework. 

To solve the decrepitation problem, several electrode morphologies and architectures have been explored to accommodate the strain and allow the volume changes to occur without subsequent pulverization. Electrodes composed of micron- and nano-sized particles,thin films,submicrometer pillars, " 3-D porous structures, and various composite anodes have all been explored. It was soon realized that thin films of silicon could accommodate the volume change and be cycled reversibly with little capacity fade, for example, 50 nm thick Si displayed capacities of 3600 mAh/g for 200 cycles. However, these structures fail when the film thickness increases, and also do not have enough active material for a viable battery. These thin film electrodes also critically rely on roughened substrates upon which the vacuum deposited Si can form a quasi-three-dimensional film with columnar-like structures, which can more easily accommodate the lithiation-induced strain and allow the volume expansion compared with a truly planar film. 

This chapter discusses the fundamental principles for designing nanoporous adsorbents and recent progress in new sorbent materials. For sorbent design, detail discussion is given on both fundamental interaction forces and the effects of pore size and geometry on adsorption. A summary discussion is made on recent progress on the following types of materials as sorbents activated carbon, activated alumina, silica gel, MCM-41, zeolites, n -complexation sorbents, carbon nano tubes, heteropoly compounds, and pillared clays. 2001 Academic Press. 

Further, if the colloidal monolayer is heated above its glass-transition temperature, the colloidal monolayer will be deformed. Based on the 2-D heat-deformed colloidal monolayers, we presented a simple approach to prepare large-sized hexagonal nano-pillar arrays by solution-dipping method [30]. In this method, first, the... 

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