Nano-LEDs

Among other specific applications of PTs as light-emitting materials, it is necessary to mention microcavity LEDs prepared with PTs 422 and 416 [525,526] and nano-LEDs demonstrated for a device with patterned contact structure, and PT 422 blended in a PMMA matrix that emits from phase-separated nanodomains (50-200 nm) [527,528]. 

Metal nanoparticles can increase the modulation band of semiconductor LEDs. This is demonstrated theoretically on example of nano-LED (NEED) composed of a single q-dot and nanoparticle (nanoantenna). NEED is analogous to dipole nano-laser (DNL)... 

Biosurfaces - Biofouling Immobilization and Stabilization Transduction mechanism Multi-Analyte detection Photonic Bandgap (PBG) Resonators Evanescent Wave Devices (PBG) Biosurfaces - Biofouling Nano-LEDs... 

One of the new trends in chemical analysis appeared in the last decade is that the miniaturization. It becomes apparent in the miniaturization of analytical devices, separation procedures, measuring tools, analyzing samples and as a consequent the term micro have appeared. Further development of this trend have led to transfer from the term micro to nano one (nanoparticles, nanofluides, nanoprobes, nanoelectrodes, nanotubes, nanoscale, nanobarcode, nanoelectrospray, nanoreactors, etc). Thereupon a nanoscale films produced by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique are proposed for modifying of chemical sensors. 

Under microwave irradiation and applying MCM-41-immobilized nano-iron oxide higher activity is observed [148]. In this case also, primary aliphatic alcohols could be oxidized. The TON for the selective oxidation of 1-octanol to 1-octanal reached to 46 with 99% selectivity. Hou and coworkers reported in 2006 an iron coordination polymer [Fe(fcz)2Cl2]-2CH30H with fez = l-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l,l-bis[(l//-l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)methyl]ethanol which catalyzed the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant in 87% yield and up to 100% selectivity [149]. An alternative approach is based on the use of heteropoly acids, whereby the incorporation of vanadium and iron into a molybdo-phosphoric acid catalyst led to high yields for the oxidation of various alcohols (up to 94%) with molecular oxygen [150]. 

The maturity of dendrimer chemistry has led to confusion among researchers, because there are no specific research objectives in this field. It may be a good idea to design and synthesize a novel macromolecule, a non-dendrite-shaped molecule, keeping the concept of the dendrimer in mind. The nano-sized closed space inside the molecule is one of the key concepts for novel macromolecular chemistry. 

We have seen that, in photosynthetic bacteria, visible light is harvested by the antenna complexes, from which the collected energy is funnelled into the special pair in the reaction centre. A series of electron-transfer steps occurs, producing a charge-separated state across the photosynthetic membrane with a quantum efficiency approaching 100%. The nano-sized structure of this solar energy-conversion system has led researchers over the past two decades to try to imitate the effects that occur in nature. 

Early reports include a patent from W.R. Grace describing nano-sized zeolite X and Y, another from Mobil for nano-sized MFl catalysts and a third describing the preparation of nano-sized zeolite L [147-149]. The explosion of nanotechnology research in the past few decades has led to an enormous number of additional... 

Investigations of enzyme-catalyzed direct electron transfer introduce the basis for a future generation of electrocatalysts based on enzyme mimics. This avenue could offer new methods of synthesis for nonprecious metal electrocatalysts, based on nano-structured (for example, sol—gel-derived) molecular imprints from a biological catalyst (enzyme) with pronounced and, in some cases, unique electrocatalytic properties. Computational approaches to the study of transition state stabilization by biocatalysts has led to the concept of theozymes . " ... 

Particles are known to scatter light as well as absorb it and this produces the white or pale appearance of fine powders. The even smaller nano-sized particles, however, are transparent because the scattering efficiency is reduced. This effect has led to the use of nanoparticles in sunscreens and cosmetics. These will still absorb ultraviolet light but will scatter less visible light. 

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