Music N

Once an instrument has been specified, then the computer needs information to play it. The method will vary from system to system. The standard way is to write a score for the computer, as if one were to write a piano roll for a mechanical pianola. This is the case for Music N types of programming languages such as pcmusic and Som-A (both are available... 

On certain Music N type software, the musician normally creates two separate files, one containing the instrument, or a set of instruments, called an orchestra file, and another the parameters to play the instruments, called a score file. The synthesis program (i.e. the compiler or the interpreter) reads both files, converts them into machine-level instructions, builds the instruments of the orchestra and feeds them the parameters from the score file. The final audio signal is either written onto a sound file or is played back during processing, or both. In languages such as pcmusic and Nyquist, however, the instruments and the score are normally placed on one single file. 

In many ways, a Praat script could be regarded as a score file in the style of a Music N type of synthesis programming language, as introduced in Chapter 1. The main difference is that one cannot build instruments in Praat. One can, however, change certain characteristics of the synthesiser in order to create different speakers. It is possible to customise the size of the vocal tract, the thickness of the vocal folds, the size of the nasal cavity, and so on. 

Zeit-lose, /. colchicum. -mass, n. measure of time (Music) time, rhythm (Gram.) quantity. -massstab, m. time scale, -messer, m. chronometer, time piece, watch, clock, -messung, /. time measurement timing, -puukt, m. point of time, moment, zeitraubend, p.a, time-consuming. 

To round off this section we note a few unusual applications of Polya s Theorem an application to telecommunications network [CatK75], and one to the enumeration of Latin squares [JucA76]. In pure mathematics there is an application in number theory [ChaC82], and one to the study of quadratic forms [CraT80], being the enumeration of isomorphism types of Witt rings of fields. Finally, we note a perhaps unexpected, but quite natural, application in music theory to the enumeration of chords and tone rows for an n-note scale [ReiD85]. In the latter paper it is shown that for the usual chromatic scale of 12 semitones there are 80 essentially different 6-note chords, and 9,985,920 different tone rows. 

The fundamental vibrational frequency is that with n = 1, while the frequen-cies of the harmonics or overtones are obtained with n = 2,3,4. Specifically, n = 2 is called the second harmonic in electronics and the first overtone in musical acoustics. Both terms are employed, often erroneously, in the description of molecular vibrations (see Chapter 9). 

Some would say Muzak is a(n) form of music, a kind of... 

Minato, K., Yasuda, R. and Yano, H. (1990b). Improvement of dimensional stabihty and acoustic properties of wood for musical instruments with cyclic oxymethylenes. n. Formalization with tetraoxane. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 36(11), 990-996. 

Me KEVITT, Paul, Sean 0 NUALLAIN and Conn Mulvihill (eds.) Language, Vision, and Music. Selected papers from the 8th International Workshop on the Cognitive Science of Natural Language Processing Galway, 1999. n.y.p. 

C. A. Riley n. Color Codes. Modem Theories in Philosophy, Painting and Architecture, Literature, Music and Psychology, University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, 1995. 

With an ethos of drugs, sex, and rock n roll, the music industry has seen heroin claim many lives over the years. Heroin, specifically, has been the cause of many needless deaths of musicians both young and old, and of all types of music. Below are just of few of the lives taken by heroin. 

TERRORISM Charles Townshend THEOLOGY David F, Ford THE TUDORS John Guy TWENTIETH-CENTURY B RITAIN Kenneth O. Morgan WITTG E N 5TEIN A. C Grayling WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohiman... 

Research into the acoustics of musical instruments has revealed considerable evidence that aperiodicity and noise play an important role in the sound quality of a musical instrument. This research reinforces the justifications for using more than one period for looping in sampling. Since the loop is actually a periodic waveform, the number of samples in that loop of course determines the number of spectral components that can be present in the spectrum, and their frequency spacing. N samples are completely specified by N/2 complex Fourier components. At 44100 Hz sample rate, for a 256 sample loop, the spacing between frequencies would be 44100/256 = 172 Hz. Noise or other aperiodic components would be forced to fall on one of these bins. The longer the loop, the closer that spectral components can become, and the more aperiodic they can become. A truly aperiodic waveform would need an infinite loop, but our perception mechanism can be fooled into perceiving aperiodicity with a much shorter loop. 

When more terms are added to the wave equation, corresponding to complex losses and dispersion characteristics, more terms of the form y(n -l, m - k) appear in (10.10). This approach to numerical simulation was used in early computer simulation of musical vibrating strings [Ruiz, 1969], and it is still in use today [Chaigne, 1992, Chaigne and Askenfelt, 1994],... 

Fletcher and Rossing, 1993] Fletcher, N. H. and Rossing, T. D. (1993). The Physics of Musical Instruments. Springer Verlag, New York. 

Arfib and Delprat, 1993] Arfib, D. and Delprat, N. (1993). Musical transformations using the modification of time-frequency images. Computer Music J., 17(2) 66—72. 

Porcaro et al., 1995] Porcaro, N., Scandalis, P., Smith, J. O., Jaffe, D. A., and Stilson, T. (1995). SynthBuilder—a graphical real-time synthesis, processing and performance system. In Proc. 1995 Int. Computer Music Conf, Banff, pages 61-62. Computer Music Association. See http //www-leland.stanford.edu/group/OTL/Synth-Builder.html for information on how to obtain and run SynthBuilder. See also http //www-ccrma.stanford.edu for related information. 

Available at your book dealer or write for free Mathematics and Science Catalog to Dept. Cl. Dover Publications, Inc. 31 East 2nd Sl, Mineola. N.Y. 11501. Dover publishes more than 175 books each year on science, elementary and advanced mathematics, biology, music, an. literary history, social sciences and other areas. 

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