Multilayer base metal electrode

Multilayer capacitors with base metal electrodes (BME)... 

Kishi, H., Mizuno, Y., Chazono, H. Base-metal electrode-multilayer ceramic capadtors past, present and future perspectives. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1-15 (2003)... 

Ionic surfactants above the CMC form full coverage aggregates on metal and carbon electrodes [4, 22, 23]. Multilayers may form at extreme potentials of the opposite sign of the surfactant head group. Developing a definitive molecular picture of the aggregate structure based only on electrochemical results is difficult. Spectroscopy of the electrode-adsorbate solution interface has helped elucidate structural features [4,14]. 

As to grafting with marked covalent character, the most widely investigated systems are based on diazonium salts that can be anchored at a number of quite different electrode surfaces, e.g., C or Pd (Fig. 5.3) [23-26]. The grafting occurs through chemical or electrochemical reduction of the diazonium moiety, leading to the release of nitrogen from the precursor molecules and concurrent formation of C-C or C-metal bonds. It is worth noticing that the reaction is not self-limited, so that formation of multilayers is also possible. 

Thin-film polyimide-based implants use the polymer as both the structural and insulation material. They have been micromachined with multilayer metallization [54] for use as acute and chronic extracellular recording electrodes, and sieve and cuff regeneration electrodes. Thin-film metal layers (approximately 200-300 nm thickness) are sandwiched between the polymer layers. Reactive ion etching in oxygen opens contacts to the electrodes. This dry etch also defines the probe shape (Fig. 7). 

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