Multi enzymatic cascade reactions

Ricca, E., Brucher, B., and Schrittwieser, J.H. (2011) Multi-enzymatic cascade reactions overview and perspectives. 

Ricca, E., Brucher, B., and Schrittwieser, J.H. (2011) Multi-enzymatic cascade reactions overview and perspectives. Adv. Synth. Catal., 353, 2239-2262. Brenner, C. (2002) Catalysis in the nitri-lase superfamily. Curr. Opin. Struct. 

In particular, as far as the removal of pymvate is concerned, different multi-enzymatic cascades have been suggested. A simple and effective method uses lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to remove pyruvate from the reaction and form the less inhibiting by-produd lactate (Scheme 11.15a) [32]. 

Biocatalytic synthetic reactions also include carbon dioxide fixation with the production of methanol in artificial multi-enzyme systems [188]. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH, EC 1.2.1.2) can catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate, and methanol dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.99.8) can catalyze the reduction of formate to methanol. Both of these enzymes require NAD+-NADE1 cofactor, and in the presence of the reduced dimethyl viologen mediator (MV+), they can drive a sequence of enzymatic reactions. The cascade of biocatalytic reactions results in the reduction of CO2 to formate catalyzed by FDEI followed by the reduction of formate to methanol catalyzed by MDH. A more complex system composed of immobilized cells of Parococcus denitrificans has been demonstrated for the reduction of nitrate and nitrite [189]. 

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