Multi-break shells

In the fabrication of a multi-break shell such as a three-colour traffic light effect, the cylindrical outer case contains three separate compartments in which stars giving red, amber and green effects can be separately loaded. 

The method of construction is virtually the same for multi-break shells of all sizes of which a 100 mm, three-colour shell is a typical example. 

These shells can be arranged as multi-break shells, which explode in phases, similar to a two-stage rocket, and possibly contain stars of different types or colors. They may also contain noisemakers such as whistles. Each of these shells has a different time-delayed fuse that fights it so each shell can... 

Additional questions are raised when the moving ion is immersed in water instead of a simple dipolar liquid discussed in Sec. 5.4.The hydration phenomena observed by many different experiments show a remarkable variety in its dependence on size and sign of ions, which may not be characterized by a simple chemical model such as ion-water complex formation, or a solventberg model. Such a model seems to apply to very small monovalent ions like Li+ and F and multi-valent ions which make a stable hydration shell with substantial lifetime. However, water molecules in the first hydration shell around ions with greater size are more mobile and disordered than those in bulk water. The behavior which has been referred to as structure breaking by Frank and Wen [85] and as negative hydration by Samoilov [86] is due to the competition between two forces acting on water molecules in the shell, the... 

Vinylmethylene cis- or trans-) (11) is the prototypical a, P-unsaturated carbene. The n system of vinylmethylene allows delocalization of the single electron occupying the p orbital in the triplet and open shell (op) singlet state, resulting in an allyl radical-like tt system. The biradical character of such wavefunctions demands a multi-configuration treatment as artificial symmetry breaking is observed with HF theory. ... 

Another category of approaches that avoids the symmetry breaking problem of the orbitals for the target state is based on using a related, well-behaved HF reference instead. Examples of such techniques include quasi-restricted Hartree-Fock coupled-cluster (QRHF CC) (11,19), symmetry adapted cluster configuration interaction (SAC-CI) (22,23), coupled-cluster linear response theory (CCLRT) (24-26) or equivalently equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) (27-32), Fock space multi-reference coupled-cluster (FSMRCC) (33-37), and similarity transformed equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (STEOM-CC) (38-40). In the case of NO3 and N03, the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) orbitals of the closed-shell N03 anion system can be used as the reference. The anion orbitals are stable with respect to symmetry perturbations, and the system does not suffer from the artifactual symmetry breaking of the neutral and cation. 

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