Motion measurements, human body

Body mass The mass of the unclothed human body in kg, which is a measure of its inertia, or resistance to any alteration in its motion. The mass of a given body is the same anywhere on the earth or in space. 

An attractive feature of fiber sensors is the possibility of performing in vivo tests and monitoring. Numerous fiber-optic sensors have already been described that measure physical parameters of the human body [41]. Pressure, temperature, physiological flow, strain, motion, displacement, or flow velocity can be monitored by optical methods such as variable reflection, laser Doppler velocimetry, optical holography, or diffraction. In this section the application of optosensing methods to the determination of molecular species encountered in clinical and biomedical analysis is described. 

This approach to human motion measurement involves the use of external markers that are placed on the subject s body segments and aligned with specific bony landmarks. Marker trajectories are then monitored by a system of motion capture cameras (generally from 6 to 12) placed around a measurement volume (Figure 51.1). In a frame-by-frame analysis, stereophotogrammetric techniques are then used to produce... 

Mechanics is the science of motion and force. Biomechanics is the human equivalent of this concept. It is the study of the mechanical operation of the human body, or the science of motion and force in living organisms. In biomechanics, the function of the body components is monitored and job requirements are modified to lower internal and external stresses. The musculoskeletal system provides the foundation data for the study of biomechanics. As in anthropometries, there are two types of biomechanical measurements ... 

Gyroscopes are devices that measure rotational motions and provide absolute angular velocity with reference to the active axes while accelerometers provide acceleration according to earth s gravity with respect to the x, y, or z axis. Hence, their positions and placements on the human body become prominent in biokinematic measurements [63]. 

Temperature The temperature of matter is related to the random motions of the molecules and atoms that compose it—the greater the motion, the higher the temperature. Temperature is commonly measured on three scales Fahrenheit (°F), Celsius (°C), and Kelvin (K). Temperature The temperature of matter and its measurement are relevant to many everyday phenomena. Humans are imderstandibly interested in the weather, and air temperature is a fundamental part of weather. We use body temperature as one measure of human health and global temperature as one measure of the planet s health. 79... 

To assist in maintaining some measure of stability in the face of the large amounts of motion possible in the mid-cervical spine, a specialized set of synovial joints has developed as an adaptation for upright posture in humans. These joints, known as the imciform joints or the joints oj Luschka, are located on the lateral edges of the cervical vertebral bodies (Fig. 24-6). The lateral lips of two adjacent vertebrae articulate and are contained within a small... 

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