Morveau

L. alumen, alum) The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. 

Berzehus (19) further appHed and amplified the nomenclature introduced by Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier. It was he who divided the elements into metalloids (nonmetals) and metals according to their electrochemical character, and the compounds of oxygen with positive elements (metals) into suboxides, oxides, and peroxides. His division of the acids according to degree of oxidation has been Httie altered. He introduced the terms anhydride and amphoteric and designated the chlorides in a manner similar to that used for the oxides. 

This system of nomenclature has withstood the impact of later experimental discoveries and theoretical developments that have since the time of Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier greatiy altered the character of chemical thought, eg, atomic theory (Dalton, 1802), the hydrogen theory of acids (Davy, 1809), the duahstic theory (Berzehus, 1811), polybasic acids (Liebig, 1834), Periodic Table (Mendeleev and Meyer, 1869), electrolytic dissociation theory (Arrhenius, 1887), and electronic theory and modem knowledge of molecular stmcture. 

L. B. G. de Morveau made the first table of chemically simple" substances. A. L. Lavoisier used this in his Ttmti EUmentaire de Chinde published in 1789. 

With Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier devised the system of chemical terms still used today. For the first time, the names of chemical substances described their constituents and proportions astringent Mars saffron became iron oxide, and philosophic wool became zinc oxide. Many contemporaries called Lavoisier s new chemistry The French Science. Today Lavoisier is regarded as the equal of Isaac Newton in physics, Charles Darwin in evolution, or Albert Einstein in relativity. 

Jean-Pierre Poirier. Lavoisier Chemist, Biologist, Economist. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. A biography that deals with Lavoisier s economic and governmental careers and with his chemistry and biology. Thus, the source for Lavoisier s nonscientific activities. Also the source for Morveau s quote aristocratic chemistry Marat his personal life and wife scientific achievements terminology Lavoisier s biology promotion of new chemistry mobs destroy customs wall first and scientists work for revolutionary government. 

Morton number, 11 775 Morveau, Louis Bernard Guyton de,... 

Annales de Chimie I (1789) 4. The first issues contained memoirs by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier,... 

Gueron, Jules, and Michel Magat. "A History of Physical Chemistry in France." Ann.Rev.P.Chem. 22 (1971) 125. Guyton de Morveau, L. B. Elemens de chymie, theorique et pratique. Paris Mil. 

In 1787 Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy introduced in their Methode de nomenclature chimique the terms carbone, for the element carbon, instead of charbon (charcoal) and acide carbonique (carbon dioxide) instead of air fixe ( fixed air ). 

In 1799 Guyton de Morveau converted the diamond first into graphite and finally into carbonic acid (carbon dioxide). He did not realize, however, that graphite is merely another allotropic form of carbon, but regarded it as partially oxidized carbon (263, 264). 

In 1796 Smithson Tennant Droved that equal weights of carbon and diamond, when burned with saltpeter, yielded equal amounts of carbon dioxide (258, 265). Three years later Guyton de Morveau and Louis Clouet produced cast steel by heating a 907-milligram diamond in a small crucible of wrought iron (24, 258, 266). As early as 1704 Sir Isaac Newton stated in his Optics that the diamond must be combustible, and in 1772 Lavoisier found this to be true (23). The English chemist Smithson Tennant proved in 1796 that it consists solely of carbon (24). ... 

Guyton de Morveau, Sur le passage du diamant a 1 etat de charbon on... 

Guyton de Morveau, De la conversion du fer doux en acier fondu par le... 

M. and Mme. Lavoisier. In 1777 Lavoisier gave quantitative proof of the incorrectness of the phlogiston theory. Shortly after Priestley and Scheele discovered oxygen, Lavoisier gave the true explanation of combustion and respiration Ber-thollet, Guyton de Morveau, Fourcroy, and Klaproth were among the first to accept the new views. See also ref. (60)... 

Antoine-Francois de Fourcroy, 1755-1809. French chemist of the Revolutionary Period. Defender of Lavoisier s views on combustion. In collaboration with Lavoisier, Guyton de Morveau, and Berthollet he carried out a reform of chemical nomenclature. Fourcroy prepared and analyzed many reagents and medicinals. 

The most distinguished chemists in Europe soon became intensely interested in platinum. Among those who published papers on it may be mentioned H. T. Scheffer (42), T. Bergman, and J. J. Berzelius in Sweden William Lewis in England A. S. Marggraf in Germany and P.-J. Macquer, A. Baume, Count G.-L. Leclerc de Buffon, L.-B. Guyton de Morveau, Rome Delisle, A.-L. Lavoisier, and B. Pelletier (43) in France. 

Baron Louis-Bemard Guyton de Morveau, 1737-1816. French attorney and chemist. Professor of chemistry at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1794 to 1815. With Lavoisier, Fourcroy, and Berthollet he brought chemical nomenclature into accord with modern views on combustion. He made the first serious researches On the structure of steel. 

His results were soon confirmed by Guyton de Morveau, who extracted the same earth from a hyacinth from Expailly, France, and by N.-L. Vauquelin (9, 33, 34, 35). In 1795 Klaproth detected zirconia in a... 

During the Revolution, the scientific papers of Morveau were signed Cit[oyen] Guyton. ... 

Guyton de Morveau, Sur la sihee dans l epiderme de cjuelques vegetaux, ... 

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