De Morveau, Guyton

Berzehus (19) further appHed and amplified the nomenclature introduced by Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier. It was he who divided the elements into metalloids (nonmetals) and metals according to their electrochemical character, and the compounds of oxygen with positive elements (metals) into suboxides, oxides, and peroxides. His division of the acids according to degree of oxidation has been Httie altered. He introduced the terms anhydride and amphoteric and designated the chlorides in a manner similar to that used for the oxides. 

This system of nomenclature has withstood the impact of later experimental discoveries and theoretical developments that have since the time of Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier greatiy altered the character of chemical thought, eg, atomic theory (Dalton, 1802), the hydrogen theory of acids (Davy, 1809), the duahstic theory (Berzehus, 1811), polybasic acids (Liebig, 1834), Periodic Table (Mendeleev and Meyer, 1869), electrolytic dissociation theory (Arrhenius, 1887), and electronic theory and modem knowledge of molecular stmcture. 

With Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier devised the system of chemical terms still used today. For the first time, the names of chemical substances described their constituents and proportions astringent Mars saffron became iron oxide, and philosophic wool became zinc oxide. Many contemporaries called Lavoisier s new chemistry The French Science. Today Lavoisier is regarded as the equal of Isaac Newton in physics, Charles Darwin in evolution, or Albert Einstein in relativity. 

Annales de Chimie I (1789) 4. The first issues contained memoirs by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier,... 

Gueron, Jules, and Michel Magat. "A History of Physical Chemistry in France." Ann.Rev.P.Chem. 22 (1971) 125. Guyton de Morveau, L. B. Elemens de chymie, theorique et pratique. Paris Mil. 

In 1787 Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy introduced in their Methode de nomenclature chimique the terms carbone, for the element carbon, instead of charbon (charcoal) and acide carbonique (carbon dioxide) instead of air fixe ( fixed air ). 

In 1799 Guyton de Morveau converted the diamond first into graphite and finally into carbonic acid (carbon dioxide). He did not realize, however, that graphite is merely another allotropic form of carbon, but regarded it as partially oxidized carbon (263, 264). 

In 1796 Smithson Tennant Droved that equal weights of carbon and diamond, when burned with saltpeter, yielded equal amounts of carbon dioxide (258, 265). Three years later Guyton de Morveau and Louis Clouet produced cast steel by heating a 907-milligram diamond in a small crucible of wrought iron (24, 258, 266). As early as 1704 Sir Isaac Newton stated in his Optics that the diamond must be combustible, and in 1772 Lavoisier found this to be true (23). The English chemist Smithson Tennant proved in 1796 that it consists solely of carbon (24). ... 

Guyton de Morveau, Sur le passage du diamant a 1 etat de charbon on... 

Guyton de Morveau, De la conversion du fer doux en acier fondu par le... 

M. and Mme. Lavoisier. In 1777 Lavoisier gave quantitative proof of the incorrectness of the phlogiston theory. Shortly after Priestley and Scheele discovered oxygen, Lavoisier gave the true explanation of combustion and respiration Ber-thollet, Guyton de Morveau, Fourcroy, and Klaproth were among the first to accept the new views. See also ref. (60)... 

Antoine-Francois de Fourcroy, 1755-1809. French chemist of the Revolutionary Period. Defender of Lavoisier s views on combustion. In collaboration with Lavoisier, Guyton de Morveau, and Berthollet he carried out a reform of chemical nomenclature. Fourcroy prepared and analyzed many reagents and medicinals. 

The most distinguished chemists in Europe soon became intensely interested in platinum. Among those who published papers on it may be mentioned H. T. Scheffer (42), T. Bergman, and J. J. Berzelius in Sweden William Lewis in England A. S. Marggraf in Germany and P.-J. Macquer, A. Baume, Count G.-L. Leclerc de Buffon, L.-B. Guyton de Morveau, Rome Delisle, A.-L. Lavoisier, and B. Pelletier (43) in France. 

Baron Louis-Bemard Guyton de Morveau, 1737-1816. French attorney and chemist. Professor of chemistry at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1794 to 1815. With Lavoisier, Fourcroy, and Berthollet he brought chemical nomenclature into accord with modern views on combustion. He made the first serious researches On the structure of steel. 

His results were soon confirmed by Guyton de Morveau, who extracted the same earth from a hyacinth from Expailly, France, and by N.-L. Vauquelin (9, 33, 34, 35). In 1795 Klaproth detected zirconia in a... 

Guyton de Morveau, Sur la sihee dans l epiderme de cjuelques vegetaux, ... 

Guyton de Morveau, Louis-Bemard (1737—1816). A French lawyer who made chemistry a hobby. He introduced (before Lavoisier), the first chemical nomenclature, promoted the ante-phlogiston theory and translated into French many books. He liquefied ammonia Refs 1) Hackh s Diet (1944), 393-L 2) C. et P. Auge, "Nouveau Petit LAROUSSE Illustre, Librairie Larousse, Paris VIe, 1953, p 1425-R... 

NE OF THE CENTRAL THEMES of this book is to show how the development of the concept of neutral salt in the eighteenth century made possible the creation of a compositional nomenclature by L.-B. Guyton de Morveau in 1782, which when adapted to the new chemistry of Lavoisier led to the creation of a definition of simple body the material element. The second major theme then describes how this new chemistry led to the final development of modern chemical composition in its atomic structure introduced by John Dalton. His atomic theory contained the symbolic operators that furnished the most convenient representation of the material composition of bodies that had become available by the end of the eighteenth century. The idea of an individual atomic weight unique to each element depended most immediately upon the concept of simple body, introduced by the authors of the M thode de nomenclature chimique in 1787. The new nomenclature was itself based on the principle that a name of a body ought to correspond to its composition. 

In 1782 Guyton de Morveau proposed a systematic nomenclature for the salts. The simple bodies were the acids and the bases which in combination made up the large class of neutral salts. He proudly pointed out that by combining the names of the twenty-four bases (alkalies, earths, and metals) with each of the eighteen acids then known, 324 different salts could be systematically named, and from those names any chemist could also know their composition. ... 

L.-B. Guyton de Morveau, Memoire sur les denominations chymiques, la necessite d en perfectionner le systeme, les regies pour y parvenir, Observations sur le physique 1782 370-382. 

Similar statements can be found throughout the hundred years following Lemery, but it was not until Guyton de Morveau that a useful development of the operational simple body appeared. Of those who spoke of... 

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