Morphology polyaniline synthesis

Figure 7.50 shows the meta- and ortho-polytoluidine products a week after polymerization. The reaction conditions were identical for the two reactions, but there is a big difference in the volume occupied by the polymer (Figure 7.50, insets). Based on the experience obtained with polyaniline synthesis (Figure 7.14) this indicates a big difference in the morphology of the products (see Section 7.2.4). For example, m-polytoluidine occupies much more volume than o-polytoluidine. Electron... 

Y. F. Huang, C. W. Lin, Facile synthesis and morphology control of graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization process, Polymer, vol. 53, pp. 2574-2582, 2012. 

The inter-relationship between colloid and polymer chemistries is completed by colloidal polymer particles. The formation of 50-nm-diameter, 100- to 200-nm-long polyaniline fibrils in a poly(acrylic acid)-template-guided polymerization, similar in many ways to those produced from polymerized SUVs (see above), provides a recent example of polymer colloids [449], The use of poly(styenesulfonic acid) as a template yielded globular polyaniline particles which were found to be quite different morphologically from those observed in the regular chemical synthesis of polyaniline [449]. 

Figure 29.5 The conventional synthesis of polyaniline and its morphology, (a, b) The oxidative polymerization reaction of aniline is typically carried out in an acidic solution (e.g., 1 M HCl) [45].

Chapters 7-9 form the second part and describe the hypercrosshnked polystyrene networks. These chapters cover in detail the basic principles of the formation of hypercrosshnked polymers, the synthesis of hypercrosshnked networks and also the properties and morphology of the polystyrene networks. Characterization techniques such as electron microscopy and X ray scattering are also covered. Hypercrosshnked polymers like polysuhbne, polyarylates or polyanilines among others are also reported on as a novel class of polymeric materials. 

The hydrothermal synthesis of polyaniline-V205 nanocomposites with nanosheet morphology has been reported by Zhang and coworkers [34]. Reacting V2O5 powder with aniline, in the presence of water and hydrochloric acid, in an autoclave at 120°C for 24 hours resulted in the formation of polyaniline-V2O5 intercalated... 

Figure 17.4 Effect of magnetic field on the morphology of polyaniline films, in the presence (a) and in the absence (b) of a magnetic field at 780 mT, respectively. (Reprinted with permission from Materials Chemistry and Physics, Studies on synthesis and properties of uniform and ordered polyaniline nanoparticles in the magnetic field by J. Kan, Y. Jiang and Y. Zhang, 102, 2-3, 260-265. Copyright (2007) Elsevier Ltd)...

For the synthesis of polyaniline designed for battery electrodes, Fe(C104)3 and Cu(BF4)2 are preferable as oxidizing agents, because the products contain CIO 4 or BFi anions, which are commonly used in lithium secondary batteries. Polyaniline synthesized by Cu(Bp4)2 has a fibrous morphology [57],... 

Polyaniline has been categorized as an intractable material which is neither soluble nor fusible under normal conditions. The material is generally poorly ordered and its morphology is determined by the history of its synthesis. 

It was found that the synthesis, as previously outlined, produced a virtually 100 % yield of polyaniline nanospheres with an average diameter of 100 nm, as can be seen in Fig. 8.12. The nanospheres are not independent of each other, but instead are agglomerated. This is to be expected as the nanospheres are produced without templating and are simply formed through a chemical method. However, the nanospheres are very uniform and possess a better morphology than the bulk PANI previously discussed. 

A.D.W. CarsweU,E.A.O Rea, B.P. Grady, Adsorbed surfactants as templates for the synthesis of morphologically controlled polyaniline and polypyrrole nanostructures on flat surfaces from spheres to wires to flat films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(48), 14793-14800 (2003). doi 10. 1021/ja0365983... 

---