Morphology observations donors

In conclusion, not only the observed larger scale of phase separation but also the difference in the material s phase percolation and thus charge transport properties influence the photovoltaic performance. As such, it becomes evident that the charge carrier mobility measured in these devices must be a function of the blend morphology [139-143]. Furthermore, the electron and hole carrier mobilities depend strongly on the polymer-fullerene blending ratio. Interestingly, the hole mobility of the donor polymer is increased considerably in blends with fullerenes (see Fig. 27) [142,144-147]. 

The influence of morphology formation on the performance of PSCs was first observed for systems where PCBM was blended with the electron-donor polymer poly[2-mefhoxy-5-(3, 7 -dimethyloctyloxy)-l,4-phenylene vinylene] (MDMO-PPV). A strong increase in power conversion efficiency was obtained by changing the solvent from toluene (0.9% efficiency) to chlorobenzene (2.5% efficiency) [13]. The better performance of MDMO-PPV/PCBM PSCs in case of using chlorobenzene (or o-dichlorobenzene) as a solvent rather than toluene was found to be due to smaller and thus more favorable scale of phase segregation (Figure 2.5). The higher... 

That photoinduced reduction of silver ions dissolved in water solution in the presence of organic compounds and under UV/Vis irradiation is well-known. Also polyanion molecules, for example, poly(styrene sulfonate) or polyaniline, entrapped inside the capsule can act as electron donors for photoinduced reduction of silver. It is important to point out that photoinduced reduction of silver under the described conditions can occur mainly inside the capsule or its shell. One can obtain nanoparticles with various morphology, stability and properties by variation of polyelectrolyte layers number and initial silver ions concentration. In this particular case silver particles formation was observed only in the surrounding solution containing PSS molecules. 

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