Morphine Cyclosporine

P-gp (ABCB1) Verapamil, digoxin, mitoxantrone, vinblastine, doxorubicin, losartan, talinolol, cortisol, dexamethasone, colchicine, loperamide, domperidone, indinavir, erythromycin, tetracycline, itraconazole, cyclosporine, methotrexate, amitryptyline, phenobarbital, morphine, cimetidine, and others... 

Fig. 20.11. Substrate quality obtained by comparing basolateral-to-apical with apical-to-basolateral transport of substrates in polarized cell monolayers of MDR1-transfected cell lines [86] plotted versus (A) the log of the air/water partition coefficient, or (B) H-bond energy (arbitrary units, EUh cf. text). Units of the air/ water partition coefficient were [M ]. Compound (concentrations in Ref. [86] in brackets) were clozapine (50 nM) (1) cyclosporin A (2 tM) (2) daunorubicin (3) dexamethasone (2 tM) (4) digoxin (2 pM) (5) domperidone (2 pM) (6) etoposide (7) flunitrazepam (500 nM) (8) haloperidol (50 nM) (9) ivermectin (50 nM) (10) loperamide (2 pM) (11) morphine (2 pM) (12) ondansetron...

Rifampin is known to induce the hepatic microsomal enzymes that metabolize various drugs such as acetaminophen, oral anticoagulants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, beta blockers, chloramphenicol, clofibrate, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, disopyramide, estrogens, hydantoins, mexiletine, quinidine, sulfones, sulfonylureas, theophyllines, tocainide, verapamil, digoxin, enalapril, morphine, nifedipine, ondansetron, progestins, protease inhibitors, buspirone, delavirdine, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones, losartan, macrolides, sulfonylureas, tacrolimus, thyroid hormones, TCAs, zolpidem, zidovudine, and ketoconazole. The therapeutic effects of these drugs may be decreased. 

Drugs that may interact with rifabutin include the following Anticoagulants, azole antifungal agents, benzodiazepines, beta blockers, buspirone, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, delavirdine, doxycycline, hydantoins, indinavir, rifamycins, losartan, macrolide antibiotics, methadone, morphine, nelfinavir, quinine, quinidine, theophylline, aminophylline, tricyclic antidepressants, and zolpidem. 

Overall, however, the immensity of temperate land corresponds to a most various secondary metabolic production, different from that of tropical land. The most renowned alkaloids belong to the morphine class (Chart 6.2.A1), and, in combination with isoprenoids, to the ergot and triterpene classes (Chart 6.2. A2). Prominent in the peptides are the cyclosporins (the first of which was isolated from a fiingus collected in Norway), streptogramins, and P-lactams (Chart 6.2.P). The isoprenoids are represented by pyrethrin monoterpenes, cedrane sesquiterpenes, ginkgolide and taxane diterpenes, ophiobolane sesterterpenes, and arborane and amyrin-like triterpenes (Chart 6.2.1). In the polyketides, epothilones, recently discovered from Myxobacteria, and the long known rapamycin, are two prominent classes of macrolides (Chart 6.2.FA/PO/C). 

Natural products have served as a major source of drugs for centuries, and about half of the pharmaceuticals in use today are derived from natural products. Quinine, theophylline, penicillin G, morphine, paclitaxel, digoxin, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclosporin, and vitamin A all share two important characteristics they are cornerstones of modem pharmaceutical care, and they are all natural products. The use of natural substances, particularly plants, to control diseases is a centuries-old practice that has led to the discovery of more than half of all modem pharmaceuticals. 

Molecularly imprinted sorbent assays represent one of the most typical applications of biomimetic use, where imprinted polymers are used as substitutes of natural antibodies in immunoassays. The assays usually involve competitive binding of an analyte with a certain quantity of labeled ligands, in which the labeled ligand unbound is proportional to the analyte added. Because dissociation constants of common imprinted polymers are around 10 6-10 9 M, competitive binding assays could easily be performed. In practice, many molecularly imprinted sorbent assays have been developed for biologically active compounds, including theophylline, diazepam [26], S-propranolol [27], morphine, Leu-enkephalin [28], cyclosporin A [29], yohimbine [30], methyl-a-glucoside [31], corticosteroid [32], atrazine [33, 34], and 2,4-D [35]. 

Noninterfering acetaminophen, acetylmorphine, amiodarone, amobarbital, amphetamine, bendroflumethiazide, benzocaine, benzoylecgonine, benzthiazide, butalbital, carbamaze-pine, chlorothiazide, clonazepam, cocaine, codeine, cotinine, cyclosporine, cyclothiazide, desalkylflurazepam, diamorphine, dicumerol, ephedrine, ethaciynic acid, ethanol, eth-chlorvynol, ethosuximide, furosemide, glutethimide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydroflumethiazide, hydromorphone, lorazepam, mephentermine, meprobamate, meth-amphetamine, metharbital, methoxsalen, methoxyphenteramine, methsuximide, meth-ylcyclothiazide, metoprolol, MHPG, monoacetylmorphine, morphine, normethsuximide, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, phenteramine, phenylephrine, phenytoin, polythiazide, primidone, prochlorperazine, salicylic acid, sulfanilamide, THC-COOH, theophylline, thiazolam, thiopental, thioridazine, tocainide, trichlo-romethiazide, trifluoperazine, valproic acid, warfarin... 

A. Cimetidine, and to a lesser extent ranitidine, reduces hepatic clearance and prolongs the elimination half-life of several dmgs as a result of inhibition of cytochrome P-450 activity and reduction of hepatic blood flow. Examples of drugs affected include phenytoin, theophylline, phenobatbital, cyclosporine, morphine, lidocaine, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, and warfarin. 

The influence of natural products in the discovery of new marketed therapeutics continues to be significant in various therapeutic areas. Burger s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery reviews natural products as leads for new pharmaceutical products for the central nervous system, neuromuscular disease, cancer, bacterial infections, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and parasites. Dmgs such as morphine, penicillin, cyclosporine A, lovastatin, acarbose, FK506 (tacrolimus), and pachtaxel (Taxol )... 

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