Monoglyceride formation

Fig. 13 Monoglyceride formation by fatty acid addition to glycidol...

Table 3 a-Monoglyceride formation catalyzed by chitosan based catalysts... 

Prestyrenation of reactive oil, followed by monoglyceride formation with a polyol and subsequent reaction with a dibasic acid... 

Calero, J., Verdugo, C., Luna, D., Sancho, E.D., Luna, C., Posadillo, A., Bautista, F.M., Romero, A.A., 2014. Selective ethanolysis of sunflower oil with Lipozyme RM IM, an immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase, to obtain a biodiesel-like biofuel, which avoids glycerol production through the monoglyceride formation. New Biotechnology 31 (6), 596-601. 

Within the small intestine, bile-acid binding interferes with micelle formation. Nauss et al. [268] reported that, in vitro, chitosan binds bile acid micelles in toto, with consequent reduced assimilation of all micelle components, i.e., bile acids, cholesterol, monoglycerides and fatty acids. Moreover, in vitro, chitosan inhibits pancreatic lipase activity [269]. Dissolved chitosan may further depress the activity of lipases by acting as an alternative substrate [270]. 

Monoglyceride (MG) is one of the most important emulsifiers in food and pharmaceutical industries [280], MG is industrially produced by trans-esterification of fats and oils at high temperature with alkaline catalyst. The synthesis of MG by hydrolysis or glycerolysis of triglyceride (TG) with immobilized lipase attracted attention recently, because it has mild reaction conditions and avoids formation of side products. Silica and celite are often used as immobilization carriers [281], But the immobilized lipase particles are difficult to reuse due to adsorption of glycerol on this carriers [282], PVA/chitosan composite membrane reactor can be used for enzymatic processing of fats and oils. The immobilized activity of lipase was 2.64 IU/cm2 with a recovery of 24%. The membrane reactor was used in a two-phase system reaction to synthesize monoglyceride (MG) by hydrolysis of palm oil, which was reused for at least nine batches with yield of 32-50%. 

The substrate for the LPL is the triglyceride contained within the oily core of VLDL particles and chylomicrons. The fatty acids and monoglycerides liberated from triglyceride hydrolysis are taken into the adipocytes and reformed into neutral fat for calorie storage (Figure 9.11). The ultimate result of the delipidation of VLDL and chylomicrons to the formation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) as described in Section 5.5. 

The homogeneous acid-catalyzed transesterification process does not enjoy the same popularity in commercial application as its counterpart, the base-catalyzed process, one of the main reasons being that it is about 4000 times slower, due to the different mechanism [10]. Thus, in the reaction sequence triglyceride is converted stepwise to diglyceride, monoglyceride and finally glycerol with formation of one molecule of methyl ester at each step (Scheme 10.1). 

As discussed above, linear alkyl chains such as the fatty acid moiety of monoglycerides can form a complex with helical segments of the solubilized starch molecules. The recrystallization of amylose is apparently little affected by complexation with mono glycerides. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of day-old bread crumb show that all the amylose seems to be present in a crystalline state. Complex formation with monoglyceride by the short side chains of amylopectin, however, markedly slow the rate of retrogradation. The half-life for reformation of amylopectin crystals (measured by DSC) is increased twofold to threefold when... 

Among the various lipids that form cubic phases, monoglycerides have been studied most. Phosphatidylcholines exhibit cubic phases only at very low water content, whereas phosphatidylethanolamines form cubic phases in similar regions of the lipid-water system as monoglycerides e.g. GMO). Lysophospholipids (single-chain lipids) exhibit cubic phases of quite different kinds, liiey will not be discussed here as they are not considered to be relevant in the formation of self-assembled structures of biological... 

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