Molecular mechanism, demonstration commonality

The mechanism most commonly invoked to explain the association of infection with autoimmune disease is molecular mimicry that is, the concept that antigens (or more properly, epitopes) of the microorganism closely resemble self-antigens.50 The induction of an immune response to the microbial antigen thus results in cross-reactivity with selfantigens and the induction of autoimmunity. Although epitope specific cross-reactivity has been shown in some animal models,48,51 53 molecular mimicry is clearly demonstrated to be the causative mechanism in few, if any, human diseases.3 54,55... 

The goal of this chapter is to summarize and systematize the phenomenology of the three phenomena, i.e., classical promotion, electrochemical promotion, and metal-support interactions, present their striking similarities and some common rules that govern them, and demonstrate their intimate link and common molecular mechanism. 

Quantum-beat spectroscopy represents not only a beautiful demonstration of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, but this Doppler-free technique has also gained increasing importance in atomic and molecular spectroscopy. Whereas commonly used spectroscopy in the frequency domain yields information on the stationary states A ) of atoms and molecules, which are eigenstates of the total Hamiltonian... 

Molecular engineering still suffers substantial development. Besides heat, mass, and momentum transfer phenomena, commonly used in classical chemical engineering, it is also necessary to introduce the electron transfer phenomenon. Description of the events is based on molecular mechanics, molecular orbits, and electrodynamics. Principal tools and equipment are micro-reactors, membrane systems, micro-analytical sensors, and micro-electronic devices. Output is, generally, demonstrated as molecules, chemicals (solutions), and biochemicals. 

Mechanistic studies on this system have demonstrated that the reaction does not follow a simple stepwise condensation pathway as first assumed. Instead, the authors have proposed a divergent mechanism by which the production of 2 and 3 are linked by a common intermediate (see Scheme 3). In such a mechanism, hydrogen-bonding interactions between the donor molecular moieties and the templating halide (acceptor) play an important role. 

One common denominator of all antipsychotics is the biockade of centrai dopamine (DA) receptors. As a result, extrapyramidal reactions, particularly parkinsonian symptoms, are a major adverse effect of many of these drugs, as well as an important clue to their mechanism of action. True Parkinson s disease is caused by a DA deficiency in the nigrostriatal system. Further, crystallographic data have demonstrated that CPZ s molecular configuration is similar to that of DA, which could explain its ability to block this neurotransmitter s receptors. Drugs with similar structures that do not block DA receptors (e.g., promethazine, imipramine) do not have antipsychotic activity. Another example is the isomer of flupenthixol, which blocks DA receptors is an effective antipsychotic, but the isomer that does not is ineffective (7). The other family of dopamine receptors, D and Dg, have not yet been implicated in psychosis. 

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