Modified restructuring

In Europe and Asia, the standard credit default swap contract used the restructuring definition (sometimes referred to as old restructuring ), whereas in the North American markets the standard credit default swap contracts refer to modified restructuring. The 1999 ISDA Credit Derivative Definitions would have been effective until early 2003. The 2003 ISDA Credit Derivative Definitions, which were in place in early 2003 (implementation in May 2003), have implemented some key amendments to the 1999 definitions, some of which were previously included in supplements issued by ISDA. 

If a credit event occurs on one of the reference entities in the iTraxx, the contract is physically settled, for that name, for 0.8 percent of the notional value of the contract. This is similar to the way that a single-name CDS would be settled. Unlike a single-name CDS, the contract continues to maturity at a reduced notional amount. Note that European iTraxx indices trade under Modified-Modified restructuring (MMR) terms, which is prevalent in the European market. Under MMR, a debt restructuring is named as a credit event. ... 

These general approaches of course may be modified or restructured to suit a particular problem. In probably the majority of sequencing undertakings the DNA of interest will have been cloned and amplified in a suitable vector and while in some instances the cloned fragment can be precisely cleaved out from the recombinant vector and isolated by gel electrophoresis, in other cases this may not be possible. The shotgun method described above will yield a complex array of end-labelled fragments and the problem immediately arises of distinguishing which ones... 

Structured lipids (SLs) are defined as TAGs restructured or modified to change their FA composition or their positional distribution in TAG molecules by chemical or enzymatic reaction, such as direct esterification, acidolysis, alcoholysis, or interesterification, depending on the types of substrates available (Lee and Akoh, 1998). 

Although this approach is the only example in which catalytic activity and stereochemical control are not separated, no synthetic application can yet be foreseen because the concentration of such chiral sites in practically useful polycrystalline metal catalysts is very low and surface restructuring is likely to occur under reaction conditions. A similar conclusion can be drawn about the importance of other chiral metal structures, such as a screw dislocation or a chiral surface produced by asymmetric corrosion. Interestingly, asymmetric leaching of Ni in the presence of tartaric acid has already been proposed as an explanation for the enantio-differentiation by the tartaric acid-modified Ni catalyst [5]. 

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