Modification of polymers with

The chemical modification of polymers with a view to confer them new properties presents a great interest. In this area, the activation of natural or synthetic polymers by ozone followed in a second step by grafting of monomers or reactive molecules in radical medium constitutes a field of important developments, mainly in terms of patents. We will give here the main outlines. 

Modification of polymers with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO ) Absorption of scCO into polyvinylchloride (PVC) sheets at elevated temperatures. 

Recent works show, that there is a great field of application in modification of polymers with supercritical fluids [3, 4], However, there are only few data available which concern the interaction of SCCO2 with polymeres at higher pressures and higher temperatures. The better interaction between and polymers is achieved, the more modification of the polymers can be expected. For this reason the incorporation of CO2 into PVC-sheets was determined similar to the method described by Berens [5]. 

Chemical modification of polymers with the use of heterocycles 90MI53, 90MI54. 

In Figure 3.28, a number of well-established reactions fitting the aforementioned criteria and being extensively employed recently in polymer chemistry are outlined. It is of special interest that many of these reactions are orthogonally specific to certain functionalities, which means they can be selectively carried out in the presence of various functionalities and allow one-pot modifications of polymers with more than one functionality and without employing any protective groups. This classifies them as robust, efficient, and orthogonal (REO) approaches. 

The modifications of the polymers bulk properties via functional groups, such as amines, thiols, and carboxylic groups, offer a wide range of opportunities to allow for specific interactions of materials with cells. In the following section, some of these chemical modifications are outlined and their respective biontimetic prindples are also described. The modification of polymers with certain functional groups such as amines change... 

More generally, this study shows how modification of polymers with TCBF may be achieved so as to extend their range of utility while not sacrificing some of their other key properties. Since the compositions studied were not optimized, systems possessing even better properties eure quite likely. 

G. C. Tesoro, Chemical modification of polymers with flame-retardant compounds, Macromol. Revs. 13, 283 (1978). 

Jonas, E, and L. Schrader. 1991. Conductive modifications of polymers with polypyrroles and polythiophenes. Synth Met 41 (3) 831-836. 

Modification of polymers with large substituents, e.g. drugs, can change the ceiling temperature. 

Vinyl and allyl phosphonates can be used as comonomers in addition polymers. Also, modifications of polymers with phosphorus-containing groups, such as phosphorylation of polyvinyl alcohol, leads to improvements in flame retardancy compared to the polymers themselves. Phosphorus-containing acrylates have adhesive properties as well as FR ones. Acrylates containing phosphonic acid groups have some interesting and encouraging properties. 

The purpose of this chapter is to focus on controlled surface modifications of polymers, with emphasis on the advances achieved during the past decade or so. The commonly used techniques generally mentioned include corona discharge, plasma, UV, laser, and electron beam treatments. Lateral patterning techniques utiUzing soft hthography, which is the collective name for a number of techniques where a patterned elastomer is used as mold, stamp or mask to generate or transfer patterns with sub-micrometer resolution, will not be covered in this chapter, since several comprehensive reviews focused on these techniques have been recently pubhshed [46,47]. 

The method for the modification of polymer with carbon metal-containing nanostructures includes the preparation of fine-dispersed suspension (FDS) based on the solution of polymer in methylene chloride. Then, earbon metal-containing nanostructures are added into the prepared FDS. For the refinement and uniform distribution of carbon metal-containing nanostructures, the prepared mixture is treated with ultrasound. To prepare a film, the solvent is evaporated from the mixture at heating to 100°C. 

Kubo M., Takashima S., Tsuru K., Hayakawa S., Osaka A., Ohtsuki C. Surface modification of polymers with grafting and coating of silane hybrids and their bioactivity. In Organic/lnorganic Hybrid Materials II, Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 576, Klein L., Francis L.F., De Guire M.R., Mark J.E., eds. Warrendale, PA Materials Research Society, 1999, pp. 377-382... 

Kwok, C.S., Mourad, P.D., Crum, L.A., Ratner, B.D. Surface modification of polymers with self-assembled molecular structure multitechnique surface characterization. Biomacromolecules 1, 139-148 (2000)... 

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