Modification of Biomolecules with Nanomaterials

Implanted Biosensors for Medical Research and Health Check Applications 

The main challenges in the field of implantable sensors are the stabihty of the sensor, the selectivity of the sensor, and the biocompatibihty of the sensor. First of all, the sensor must not be rejected by the body. When implanted, the sensor should operate for a prolonged time to justify any surgical procedure necessary for the introduction of the sensor into the body. Even when these two challenges are met, the sensor has typically to deal with a very complex sample matrix, most commonly blood. In vitro sensors have to cope with the same demands in terms 

Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors Nucleic Acid Chips, Arrays, and Microarrays 

4 develop either labeled (e.g. dyes, intercaiators, enzymes) 

4 usage of assay procedures that are compatible to the hybridization event and allow to tune Ihe binding specificity (annealing temperature, Ionic strength,. ..) 

---

There are basically three broad categories of approaches towards nanobiosensors and in particular in electrochemical nanobiosensor development. The modification of a (macroscopic) transducer with nanomaterials is the first of these approaches. In electrochemical biosensors, this would translate into large electrodes modified with nanomaterials. The second approach is the miniaturization of the transducer, namely the use of nanoelectrodes [307] or other miniaturized circuitry of nanometric dimensions. The modification of biomolecules with nanomaterials or coupling of biomolecules and nanomaterials is the third category of approach towards nanobiosensors. Of course the lines between these approaches are blurred and some sensor designs may draw from more than one of these concepts. 

---