Schlapfer model

Thermodynamic models. To calculate the product gas composition from the fuel characteristics the models assume either the heterogeneous char H2O, CO2 and H2 reactions at equilibrium (Gumz model) [3] or the homogeneous watershift reaction at equilibrium and a fixed amount of methane produced as a pyrolysis product (Schlapfer model) [2]. 

In Fig. 2 -a ternary CHO diagram- free oxygen and solid carbon boundaries, and the dry wood composition are shown. By gasification a certain amount of oxygen is added so that about all the solid carbon is converted. The Gumz model is applicable in the region between corner C and the solid carbon boundary, the Schlapfer model between the solid carbon and the free oxygen boundaries. 

Eusgeld, I., Kroger, W., Sansavini, G, Schlapfer, M. Zio, E. 2009. The role of network theory and object-oriented modeling within a framework for the vulnerability analysis of critical infrastructures. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol.94, p.954-963. 

Schlapfer, M., Kessler, T. Kroger, W. 2008. Reliability Analysis of Electric Power Systems Using an Object-oriented Hybrid Modeling Approach. 16th power systems computation conference Glasgow. 

Thanks to the great computer power available nowadays, CN theory models are outperformed by reduced-order physical models, e.g. DC power flow in power grids. Nonetheless, power-flow models alone lack the capability of capturing time-varying interdependencies and discrete processes, e.g. cascading failures, therefore, it is advisable to integrate them into approaches such as ABM to represent discrete event-driven processes (Schlapfer et al., 2008 Nan et al., 2013). 

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