Model Input Non-Physical Parameters

Apart from the physical parameters, many non-physical parameters, such as the time step scale factor (TSSF), contact search accelerator (CSA), penalty scale factor (PSF), and material damping factors play an important role in the simulation, ensuring solution stability and results within a sensible time frame. The most important non-physical parameters and their descriptions are presented in Table 3. 

Time step scale factor. Btssf, . Tiine step control muli p et.  

Contact search accelerator eSA Controls search frequency per n cycles 

Penalty scale factor fe B -psp - Contact stiffness multiplier basctl on. values 

Material damping ratios - Control material oscillations 

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