Mitochondria chemical reactions

In the electron transport chain, CcO receives electrons from cytochrome c, a water-soluble heme protein, on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, and transfers them through a series of electron transfer steps to the active site, which contains a heme iron and a copper, where the electrons are used to reduce the molecular oxygen. The protons needed for this reaction are taken from the mitochondrion matrix side throngh two proton-conducting channels. In addition to these chemical protons, four more protons, per every oxygen molecule reduced, are translocated across the membrane. The overall enzymatic reaction of CcO is... 

Probably, the ultimate case of symbiosis involves cellular inclusions called mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria are small cylindrical bodies within eukaryotic cells that function as the chemical powerhouses of these cells (see Sections 5.3.7 and 5.5.1). It is in the mitochondrion that ATP is formed through the biochanical reactions of the Krebs cycle (see Section 3.10). Mitochondria are self replicating within the cell and their numbers increase as cellular energy needs increase. They contain their own DNA (mtDNA) separate from the DNA in the ceU nucleus. 

Addition of the two half-reactions gives the expression for respiration on explicitly including the statement for the chemical energy obtained. The analytical simplicity of the halfreactions lays out the underlying essential result of the biological electron transport chain. Indeed, the electron transport chain of the mitochondrion achieves the separation into protons, ff, and electrons, e". (For the structure of the mitochondrion, refer to Figure 8.5, below.)... 

This discussion attempts to establish the means by which the three levels of phosphorylation in the nucleotide pool are interconnected the input of high-energy phosphate bonds into this pool by substrate-level phosphorylations and by oxidative phosphorylation is mentioned in Chapter 3. Certain kinases are part of the chemical machinery of the mitochondrion, but these will be considered only to the extent that they serve as connections between the mitochondrial generation of phospho-anhydride groups and the nucleotide pool. Utilization of phosphoan-hydride bond energy in synthetic reactions, and the consumption of the... 

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