Mitigation methods

In order to open the operating window for P-T curves and allow for a widened margin against PTS, mitigative measures may be applicable to reduce the impact of radiation embrittlement. These mitigative methods include  

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Because of the inexactly defined conditions causing metal dusting, mitigation methods will not be the same for each occurrence. Each problem must be carefully studied to determine the most effective and economic measures that will be compatible with the process stream. 

When experience or testing indicates the above mitigation methods will not control continuing corrosion to an acceptable level, the segment shall be reconditioned or replaced and suitably protected. 

The term harmonics is becoming very common in power systems, small, medium, or large. As the use of power electronic devices grows, so will the need to understand the effects of harmonics and the application of mitigation methods. Fortunately,... 

The purpose of this guideline is to present methods and design examples of postrelease mitigation methods which are in current industrial use, and to assess areas where further research is needed. 

This chapter focuses on four examples that have been selected to demonstrate the effects of mitigation measures. These examples are for demonstration purposes only they do not necessarily represent the optimum design of a mitigation system or actual engineering practices. The four mitigation methods that will be described are ... 

Typical post-release mitigation methods are as follows, in an approximate decreasing order of effectiveness in each category ... 

Risk-Mitigation Methods for Pressure-Vessel-Burst Hazards... 

Mitigation of Fool Boiling CHF. Mitigation of the critical heat flux phenomenon is reviewed in detail by Collier and Thome [3]. Some brief examples of mitigation methods follow ... 

With respect to mitigating oxidation, Bajt et al. have reported that oxides, once formed, are difficult to remove, while Nishiyama et al. reported that Ru oxidized by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) O2 plasma can be successfully reduced by exposure to atomic H, raising the hopes for a practical mitigation method. Mertens et al. " have reported that under identical gas exposure and radiation conditions, a Si-terminated mirror shows oxidation, whereas a (unspecified) capped mirror shows carbon growth, implying that the surface chemistry plays a critical role in determining the nature of the contamination process a particular surface will undergo under EUV exposure conditions. 

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