Minimally invasive detection

While still preliminary, this study demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating the renal status in real-time by optical modality. This continuous renal function monitoring by the optical modality represents a new and minimally invasive method to detect kidney malfunctions. In addition to using relatively harmless radiation, the simplicity and portability of the equipment make this approach compatible for use in ambulatory and critical care. However, further studies... 

Biotinidase has been detected in all tissues and body fluids investigated so far [6, 20] with highest specific activities measured in kidney, liver and adrenal gland, and also plasma, allowing the use of this easily available and minimally invasive material for diagnostic purposes. 

Because of minimal sample preparation and minimally invasive approaches Raman spectroscopy has the potential to gain new insights into viral and microbial biochemistry as well as a rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms. In this chapter the unique potential of several Raman spectroscopic techniques for medical and pharmaceutical issues is discussed, which focus on the analysis of viruses as well as on microbial detection... 

Cepria and coworkers used the voltammetry of immobilized microparticles to detect and quantify the cadmium pigments (e.g., cadmium sulfide and cadmium sulfoselenide) used in artists paints, as well as in glasses, plastics, ceramics, and enamels [141]. For this, a simple, fast and reliable technique was developed that proved to be especially applicable for valuable art objects, as it was minimally invasive and required only nanogram quantities of material (see also Section 6.4.1). For quantification purposes, an abrasive stripping scan was used from + 0.3 V to —1.0 V, following a 10 s pre-treatment step at —1.5 V. The Cd oxidation peak was evaluated with respect to an internal AgCl calibration standard. 

B.C. Wilson, A. Molchovsky, G.J. Czamota, M.D. Sherar, M.C. Kolios, L. Lilge, R.S. Dattani, K.S. Osterman, K.D. Paulsen, P.J. Hoopes (1999). Monitoring tissue response to photodynamic therapy the potential of minimally invasive electrical impedance spectroscopy and high-frequency ultrasound. In Th.J. Dougherty (Ed.), Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy VIII (SPIE Proc. Vol. 3592, pp. 73-82). 

Pathological criteria for classifying thyroid cancer may show discrepancies in the differentiation between foUicu-lar adenoma and minimally invasive follicular carcinoma, and between follicular neoplasia and the folficular variant of papillary carcinoma (Lloyd et al., 2004 Saxen et ai, 1978). The inclusion of papillary microcarcinomas (1.0 cm or less in diameter), which are usually incidental findings or detected by the use of ultrasound-guided thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (Lin et al., 1997), the existence of radioactive fallout, which may lead to an increase of differentiated thyroid carcinoma and a rise in population age with time, should also be taken into account when analyzing the epidemiology of thyroid cancer. 

Due to the molecular specificity of SERS/SERRS, combined with its inherent sensitivity, it has found utility in a wide range of applications, only a few of which can be described here. The development of SERS sensor technology has allowed the detection and identification of seven structurally similar monosaccharides in aqueous solution using a sample volume of only 5 pi with a concentration of 1x10 mol dm This has led to the initial development of a glucose-based biosensor with true in vivo, real time, minimally invasive sensing. 

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