Minerals cassiterite

Stannic Oxide. Stannic oxide tin(IV) oxide, white crystals, mol wt 150.69, mp > 1600° C, sp gr 6.9, is insoluble in water, methanol, or acids but slowly dissolves in hot, concentrated alkaH solutions. In nature, it occurs as the mineral cassiterite. It is prepared industrially by blowing hot air over molten tin, by atomizing tin with high pressure steam and burning the finely divided metal, or by calcination of the hydrated oxide. Other methods of preparation include treating stannic chloride at high temperature with steam, treatment of granular tin at room temperature with nitric acid, or neutralization of stannic chloride with a base. 

Tin and lead are obtained very easily from their ores and have been known since antiquity. Tin occurs chiefly as the mineral cassiterite, SnOz, and is obtained from it by reduction with carbon at 1200°C ... 

Minerals (cassiterite (tin oxide), Pottery (fired clay and mineral or... 

Tin (chemical symbol Sn, from the Latin name of the metal, stannum) occurs as a native metal only as small, rare nuggets it is very doubtful, therefore, whether native tin would have been noticed, never mind used, by ancient people. Nevertheless, tin was one of the earliest metals to have been produced. Tin ores occur in few places on the upper crust of the earth, mostly as the mineral cassiterite or tin stone (composed of tin oxide) from which most tin has been and still is extracted. Tin stone is a usually brown or black,... 

Tin is an essential trace element for animals. It is soft, pliable and colorless and belongs to group IV of the periodic table, and is corrosion-resistant to many media. Tin occurs in nature mostly as the oxide mineral cassiterite and is ubiquitous in the earth crust in an abundance of 2.5 x 10-4% (Clarke s number, 4 x 10 3). It is one of the earliest metals known to mankind, and evidence of its use dates back over 4000 years. The ancients... 

Indium concentrations in the polymetallic veins show a wide range (3.4 to 1184ppm In, Table 1). Based on the correlation coefficients of ore geochemistry, significant Indium (up to 1184 ppm) is related to the Ps2 mineralization stage and closely associated with Fe-rich sphalerite, but also with ferrokesterite. There are important In anomalies in Psi (up to 159.4 ppm) that are related to the Sn minerals, cassiterite, ferrokesterite and stannite (Crespi 2006). 

Tin(lV) oxide occurs in nature as mineral cassiterite. It is used to make specialty glasses, in manufacturing enamels and pottery, for pohshing glass marbles, metals and decorative stones, as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles, in perfumes, and nail pohshes. 

C. Extraction. The major source of Sn is the mineral cassiterite which is almost pure Sn02 (major impurity often Fe). Its extraction is essentially the same as in ancient times, namely, the reduction with G. Refining of the Sn so obtained is done with several processes, including melting, then bubbling air through the melt to oxidize the iron which often accompanies the initial reduction product. 

Germanium, tin, and lead have relatively low abundances in the earth s crust (Table 19.4, page 823), but tin and lead are concentrated in workable deposits and are readily extracted from their ores. Tin is obtained from the mineral cassiterite (Sn02) by reducing the purified oxide with carbon ... 

Derivation (1) Found in nature as in the mineral cassiterite (2) precipitated from stannic chloride solution by ammonium hydroxide. 

Both elements have rather low abundance, but are commoner than other heavy metals. They occur in the minerals cassiterite Sn02 and galena PbS. They each have several stable isotopes, Sn more... 

Tin makes up only about 0.001 percent of the earth s crust, but it was well known in the ancient world. Named after the Etruscan god Tinia, tin has the symbol Sn, which comes from the Latin word for tin, stannum, which is related to the word stagnum (dripping), because tin melts easily. Tin is primarily obtained from the mineral cassiterite (Sn02) and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon. 

Tin is a relatively scarce element with an average abundance in the Earth s crust of about two parts per million (ppm) compared with 94 ppm for zinc, 63 ppm for copper, and 12 ppm for lead. Tin is produced from lode (hard-rock) deposits and placer deposits derived from the lodes. The tin mineral cassiterite (Sn02) is the source of most tin production. A notable exception is the complex tin sulfide minerals in the subvolcanic or tin-silver lode deposits in Bolivia. Cassiterite has a high specific gravity (6.8 to 7.1), a Moh s scale hardness of 6 to 7, and is usually a dark brown or black color with an adamantine luster. 

Elemental tin has an atomic number of 50, an atomic mass of 118.69, and exists in three allotropic forms white tin at room temperature, nonmetallic gray tin at <13.3°C, and brittle tin at >161°C. White tin is a stable silver-white, lustrous, soft metal with a density of 7.27, a melting point of 231.9°C, and a boiling point of 2507°C. Tin has 10 stable isotopes ( Sn, Sn, Sn, Sn, Sn, Sn, Sn, °Sn, Sn, and " Sn), the most for any element. Inorganic tin compounds exist in the +2 (stannous) and +A (stannic) oxidation states. Stannous compounds are generally more polar than stannic compounds, are unstable in dilute aqueous solutions, are easily oxidized, and normally contain some Sn+". Stannic oxide occurs naturally as the mineral cassiterite, has a melting point of 1127°C, and has wide application in industry. 

Metallic tin is derived mainly from the mineral cassiterite (Sn02) and to a lesser extent from the sulfide ore stannite CuiS-FeS-SnSi, although it can be derived from rarer minerals such as malayaite, CaSnSiOs. Tin is one of the earliest metals known and has influenced our lifestyle through the ages. Tin alloy artifacts dating from about 5000 years ago have been unearthed at Ur, the site of ancient Babylonia. Today, we are exposed to tin on a daily basis through the use of tinplated food cans of alloys such as pewter, bronze, brass. 

The mineral wolframite that sometimes occurred with the tin mineral cassiterite, which the brothers brought from Zinnwald in Germany, and finally... 

Most important mineral Cassiterite, tinstone SnO (Figure M69). 

Tiii(IV) oxide is known in three crystal phases, the most stable being the tetragonal form, which occurs naturally as the mineral cassiterite (. v.). According to Winchell (1931), hexagonal and orthorhombic phases of tin(lV) oxide have also been produced. 

Lepidolite zone Li-muscovite. lepidolite, microcline-perthite Albite, quartz, beryl, fTa-oxide minerals, cassiterite), (zircon) Fine-grained Li, K, Rb, F (Na, Be, Ta, Sn, Zr, Hf, Ga)... 

The mineral cassiterite is mined as a commercial source of tin. It is a compound of the elements tin and oxygen. A 1.000-kg sample of pure cassiterite mined in Germany contains 788 g of tin. Is it possible to predict the mass of tin contained in a 43.5-kg sample of cassiterite mined in South America Explain your reasoning. 

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