Milk Fat Syndrome

Bauman, D.E., Griinari, J.M. 2001. Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat low-fat milk syndrome. Livestk. Prod. Sci. 70, 15-29. 

Rumen fermentation is clearly involved in the development of MID, and many theories have been advanced to explain this metabolic syndrome. However, most have been found inadequate to explain the cause and mechanism of diet-induced MFD (15,123,124). A key development in understanding the mechanism of MFD was the recognition that it required two distinct conditions, (i) a shift in rumen fermentation and the population of rumen bacteria that was often characterized by a decline in rumen pH (121,125) and (ii) the presence of PUFA in the diet (126) that was associated with an alteration in rumen biohydrogenation resulting in an increase in milk fat content of trans 18 1 (121,123,126). Trans- is generally the major trans 18 1 isomer in milk fat, but Griinari et al. (126) demonstrated that the increase in the milk fat content of trans 18 1 with diet-induced MFD specifically involved an increase in the trans-lO 18 1 isomer. This was verified in subsequent investigations, and it was further shown that MFD was also associated with an increase in the milk fat content of trans-lO, cis-l2 Q.A (15,127-129). 

Couvreur, S., C. Hurtaud, RG. Mamet, P. Faverdin and J.L. Peyraud, 2007. Composition of ilk fat from cows selected for milk fat globule size and offered either fresh pasture or a com silage- based diet. J Dairy Sci. 90, 392-403. Heid, H.W and T. W. Keenan, 2005. Intracellilar origin and secretion of milk fat globules. Fur J Cell Biol. 84, 245-258. Pfeuffer, M. and J. Schrezenmeir, 2006. Milk and the metaholic syndrom. Obesity Rev 8, 109-118. 

In the dairy industry, lipases are used in the hydrolysis of milk fat. Applications include flavor enhancement of cheeses, acceleration of cheese ripening, manufacture of cheeselike products, and lipolysis of butterfat and cream. Sources of lipases for cheese enhancement are the pancreatic glands or pregastric tissues of lamb, calf, or kid. Each pregastric lipase leads to its own characteristic flavor pattern, and these enzymes are essential in the production of quality cheeses such as Romano and provolone [15]. Pregastric lipases have also been used for the treatment of calf diarrhea or scours [15] and have potential for the treatment of malabsorption syndrome in children. 

L B. Supplement with vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency symptoms include night blindness that can lead to corneal ulceration. This deficiency can occur in patients with impaired liver storage or fat malabsorption. Dairy products, such as milk, are a good source of vitamin A. (3-Carotene, a vitamin A precursor, is found in pigmented vegetables, such as carrots. When a deficiency is diagnosed, it is appropriate to treat the patient with a supplement rather than to rely on increased consumption of vitamin A-rich foods. A patient with pancreatic disease and malabsorption syndrome will need parenteral supplementation. 

Davis, C.L., Brown, R.E. 1970. Low-fat milk syndrome. In Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (A.T. Phillipson, ed.), pp. 545-565, Oriel Press, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. 

Human milk is the primary agent for infant nutriture and thereby guides the composition of manufactured infant formula and milk substitutes. The reported concentration of biotin in human milk is variable with lactation (and unfortunately between analytical methods), but is more than sufficient to supply the newborn infant with the RDI of 5-6pg/day, as evidenced by the absence of reported deficiency syndromes in breast-fed babies. Interestingly, most biotin in milk is present in a free form and therefore unbound with any macromolecules. As expected, when milk is separated into its fat and aqueous fractions, the water-soluble biotin is found predominantly in the skim-milk phase. Biotin has some lipophilidty and so a small percentage is carried into the cream as part of the fat-globule membrane. The total concentration of human milk is not large and somewhat similar to bovine milk. With respect to breast milk substitutes, it is necessary to ensure the biotin status remains comparable, thus international guidelines recommend 0.4-2.4pg/100 kJ of reconstituted or ready-to-feed infant formula. 

---