Microaerophile

In anaerobic (or more correcdy, almost anaerobic or microaerophilic) bacteria such as Propionibacterium shermanii a fundamental difference occurs in that the cobalt atom is introduced at a much earlier stage, possibly to precorrin-2 or precorrin-3 A. 

Han Y-H, RM Smibert, NR Krieg (1991) Wolinella recta, Wolinella curva, Bacteroides ureolyticus, and Bacteroides gracilis are microaerophiles, not anaerobes. Int J System Bacteriol 41 218-222. 

The existence of microaerophilic organisms such as Wolinella succinogenes that was formerly considered an anaerobe or, conversely, the oxygen tolerance of many Clostridia, suggests that such organisms may occupy an ecological niche between the two extremes already noted. 

Sabra W, E-J Kim, A-P Zeng (2002) Physiological responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOl to oxidative stress in controlled microaerophilic and aerobic cnltnres. Microbiology (UK) 148 3195-3202. 

The effect of varying redox conditions since by altering the gas-phase experiments can readily be carried out under aerobic, microaerophilic, or anaerobic conditions. 

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative microaerophilic rod that has a number of adaptive functions allowing it to live within the acidic environment of the stomach. It is an S-shaped... 

Their activities in desulfurization lead to a hybrid process, protected under the title of Method for electrobiologically desulfurizing petroleum [143], awarded to the Marine Biotechnology Institute by the Japanese Patent Office [143], This method is based on contacting anaerobic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria with petroleum under anaerobic condition or microaerophilic conditions. The bacteria used belonged to Proteobacteria or Thiomicrospira bacteria. 

In a recent study, the bacterial populations contaminating the upper gut in SIBO patients and their antibiotic susceptibility were determined. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefoxitin were effective against >90% of anaerobic strains, while aminopenicillins, cephalosporins and cotrimoxazole were effective against the microaerophilic population. Erythromycin, clindamycin and rifampicin were ineffective. Data on metronidazole and fluoroquinolones are not available [32]. 

Shewanella decolorationis S12 Fast Acid Red GR After 4 h incubation, more than 90% of the color was removed under anaerobic conditions while 12.8 and 33.7% decolorizing rates were observed under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions [84]... 

Elisangela F, Andrea Z, Fabio DG et al (2009) Biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Staphylococcus arlettae strain VN-11 using a sequential microaerophilic/aerobic process. Int Biodeter Biodegr 63 280-288... 

Franciscon E, Zille A, Garboggini FF et al (2009) Microaerophilic-aerobic sequential decolourization/biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Klebsiella sp. strain VN-31. Process Biochem 44 446 -52... 

Xu M, Guo J, Sun G (2007) Biodegradation of textile azo dye by Shewanella decolorationis S12 under microaerophilic conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76 719-726... 

But afterwards it was found that facultative microorganisms behave differently in sequential treatment. Sandhya et al. studied the functions of the microaerophilic-aerobic sequential batch reactor for the treatment of synthetic dye wastewater [46]. 

Bacterial consortium Dye mixture Microaerophilic reactor + aerobic reactor Continuous... 

Figure 4.7. A representation of a soil ped showing aerobic areas around peds and at pore mouths (A) and anaerobic areas (An). The pore will be anaerobic in the middle, as indicated, and will not drain because of the small diameter of the pore mouths. The point labeled M will be microaerophilic.

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