Methylation chemoselective

These results represent the first ever reported evidence of strict cooperation between the steric requisites of the faujasite catalyst and the reactivity of an asymmetrical carbonate, in simultaneously inducing high methyl chemoselectivity and mono-A-methylselectivity for primary amines. 

The oxidation of terminal alkenes with an EWG in alcohols or ethylene glycol affords acetals of aldehydes chemoselectively. Acrylonitrile is converted into l,3-dioxolan-2-ylacetonitrile (69) in ethylene glycol and to 3,3-dimetho.xy-propionitrile (70) in methanol[28j. 3,3-Dimethoxypropionitrile (70) is produced commercially in MeOH from acrylonitrile by use of methyl nitrite (71) as a unique leoxidant of Pd(0). Methyl nitrite (71) is regenerated by the oxidation of NO with oxygen in MeOH. Methyl nitrite is a gas, which can be separated easily from water formed in the oxidation[3]. 

Chemoselective C-alkylation of the highly acidic and enolic triacetic acid lactone 104 (pAl, = 4.94) and tetronic acid (pA, = 3.76) is possible by use of DBU[68]. No 0-alkylation takes place. The same compound 105 is obtained by the regioslective allylation of copper-protected methyl 3,5-dioxohexano-ate[69]. It is known that base-catalyzed alkylation of nitro compounds affords 0-alkylation products, and the smooth Pd-catalyzed C-allylation of nitroalkanes[38.39], nitroacetate[70], and phenylstilfonylnitromethane[71] is possible. Chemoselective C-allylation of nitroethane (106) or the nitroacetate 107 has been applied to the synthesis of the skeleton of the ergoline alkaloid 108[70]. 

Hydroxylysine (328) was synthesized by chemoselective reaction of (Z)-4-acet-oxy-2-butenyl methyl carbonate (325) with two different nucleophiles first with At,(9-Boc-protected hydroxylamine (326) under neutral conditions and then with methyl (diphenylmethyleneamino)acetate (327) in the presence of BSA[202]. The primary allylic amine 331 is prepared by the highly selective monoallylation of 4,4 -dimethoxybenzhydrylamine (329). Deprotection of the allylated secondary amine 330 with 80% formic acid affords the primary ally-lamine 331. The reaction was applied to the total synthesis of gabaculine 332(203]. 

The chemoselectivity of the other alkenes of Table 1 is more variable. It appears that bulky substituents favour bromide over methanol attack of the bromonium ion, since dibromlde increases from 39 to 70 % on going from methyl to tert-butyl in the monosubstituted series. The same trend is observed in the disubstituted series with a contraction of the chemoselectivity span (37 to 43 % on going from methyl to teH-butyl) for the trans isomers. Since the solvated bromide ion can be viewed as a nucleophile larger than methanol, the influence of steric effects, important in determining the regioselectivity, does not seem very significant as regards the chemoselectivity. This result has been interpreted in terms of a different balance between polar and steric effects of the substituents on these two selectivities. 

It turned out that the Friedel-Crafts reaction and the chlorination can be done in the same pot. The vhlorination needs to be chemoselective as reaction on -.he methyl group or next to the carbonyl group could ccur. Lewis acid catalysis Is the answer. 

Removing the substituted hydrazine (58) leaves acetoacetic ester (57). Phenylhydrazine is available, so it is easier to make (59) and methylate afterwards. This removes the chemoselectivity problem as the more nucleophilic NH group attacks the more electrophilic ketone. 

Elaboration of triol 88b to bryostatin 7 requires chemoselective hydrolysis of the Cl methyl ester in the presence of the C7 and C20 acetates, macrolide formation, installation of the C13 and C21 methyl enoates, and, finally, global deprotection. The sequencing of these transformations is critical, as attempts to introduce the C21 methyl enoate to form the fully functionalized C-ring pyran in advance of macrolide formation resulted in lactonization onto the C23 hydroxyl. In the event, trimethyltin hydroxide promoted hydrolysis [73] of the Cl carboxylate of triol 88b, and subsequent trie thy lsilylation of the C3 and C26 hydroxyls each occurs in a selective fashion, thus providing the seco-acid 89. Yamaguchi macrolacto-nization [39] proceeds uneventfully to provide the macrolide 67 in 66 % yield (Scheme 5.14). 

For the methyl-substituted ethylenes, i.e. in the absence of any steric effects, there is a roughly linear relationship between the chemoselectivity and the 13C nmr chemical shift of the most substituted carbon atom of the bromonium ions (Dubois and Chretien, 1978). This selectivity is therefore discussed in terms of the magnitude of the charge on the carbon atom and the relative hardness of the competing nucleophiles, according to Pearson s theory (Ho, 1977). However, this interpretation does not take into account the substituent dependence of the nucleophilic solvent assistance, which must play a role in determining this chemoselectivity. 

Trost et alJ2 also explored the compatibility of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted allenes with their intermolecular Alder-ene protocol. Multiple substituents present the opportunity for a mixture of products to arise from differing regio- and chemoselectivity. 1,1-Disubstituted allenes were coupled to methyl vinyl ketone with excellent chemo-selectivity only when one set of /3-hydrogens was activated by an cy-ester or amide (Equation (69)). If the /3-hydrogens were of similar acidity, a mixture of products was obtained, as in the coupling of allenol 103 with methyl vinyl ketone dienes 104 and 105 are produced in a 1.3 1 mixture (Equation (70)). 

Setti and Mascaretti [15] realized the highly chemoselective and stereocon-trolled hydrodehalogenation of the carbon-6-halogen bond of (pivaloyloxy)-methyl-6,6-dihalopenicillanate by [(PPh3)3RhCl] in EtOAc and/or MeOH solvent systems with atmospheric H2. For the diiodo derivative (Eq. (2)) ... 

The key reaction in these syntheses was the stereoselective introduction of angular cyano groups as latent methyl groups into perhydropolycyclic a, (3-unsaturated compounds. The new hydrocyanation method developed gave excellent chemoselectivity and stereochemical control. 

An unusual case of intramolecular competition (chemoselectivity, see Chapt. 1 in [la]) between ester and oxirane occurs in the detoxification of (oxiran-2-yl)methyl 2-ethyl-2,5-dimethylhexanoate (10.49), one of the most abundant isomers of an epoxy resin. The compound is chemically very stable, i.e., resistant to aqueous hydrolysis, but is rapidly hydrolyzed in cytosolic and microsomal preparations by epoxide hydrolase and carboxylesterase, which attack the epoxide and ester groups, respectively [129], The rate of overall enzymatic hydrolysis was species dependent, decreasing in the order mouse > rat > human, but was relatively fast in all tissues examined (lung and skin as portals of entry, and liver as a further barrier). In mouse and rat lung microsomes, ester hydrolysis was 3-4 times faster than epoxide hydration, whereas the opposite was true in human lung microsomes. 

As can be seen, asymmetrical carbonates give high chemoselective methylation reactions, provided that R has at least three carbon atoms (R > n-Cs, entries 2-4). Yet, in the case of reactive benzyl or allyl termini, the O-alkylation (forming PhOR) competes significantly with the formation of anisoles (entries 5-6). 

With both building blocks 103 and 109 in hand, the total synthesis of lb was completed as shown in Scheme 17. Coupling of acid 103 and alcohol 109 under Yamaguchi conditions to give ester 110 and subsequent desilylation followed by chemoselective oxidation provided hydroxy acid 111. Lactonization of the 2-thiopyridyl ester derived from 111 in the presence of cupric bromide produced the macrodiolide 112 in 62% yield, which was finally converted to pamamycin-607 (lb) via one-pot azide reduction/double reductive AT-methylation. In summary, 36 steps were necessary to accomplish the synthesis of lb from alcohols 88 and 104, sulfone 91, ketone 93, and iodide rac-97. 

A more subtle example of identical functional groups with different steric enviroment is found in the intermediate H which Corey [8] uses in the synthesis of fumagillin (13). The two identical secondary hydroxyl groups in the cyclohexane derivative H can be differentiated by using a bulky reagent since the axially disposed hydroxyl group is less accesible than the one which is equatorially disposed and can be chemoselectively methylated (12) in the presence of sodium rert-amylate (Scheme 12.2). 

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