Lewis structures methane

Representing a two electron covalent bond by a dash (—) the Lewis structures for hydrogen fluoride fluorine methane and carbon tetrafluoride become... 

Structural formula J is a Lewis structure of nitro methane K is not even though it has the same atomic positions and the same number of electrons... 

Let s construct the Lewis structure for the simplest organic molecule, the hydrocarbon methane, CH4. First, we count the valence electrons available from all the atoms in the molecule. For methane, the Lewis symbols of the atoms are... 

There are many other molecules in which some of the electrons are less localized than is implied by a single Lewis structure and can therefore be represented by two or more resonance structures. For example, the three bonds in the carbonate ion all have the same length of 131 pm, which is intermediate between that of the C—O single bond in methanol (143 pm) and that of the C=0 double bond in methanal (acetaldehyde) (121 pm). So the carbonate ion can be conveniently represented by the following three resonance structures ... 

Sigma and pi NBOs of hydrocarbons ethane, ethylene, acetylene Let us turn now to the actual NBOs for the classical cases of equivalent sp" hybridization acetylene (n = 1), ethylene (n = 2), and methane (n = 3). In each case, the NBO results are in excellent agreement with the expected Lewis structures,... 

We now have three substances remaining methane, CH4, methyl fluoride, CH3F, and krypton difluoride, KrF2. We also have two types of intermolecular force remaining dipole-dipole forces and London forces. In order to match these substances and forces we must know which of the substances are polar and which are nonpolar. Polar substances utilize dipole-dipole forces, while nonpolar substances utilize London forces. To determine the polarity of each substance, we must draw a Lewis structure for the substance (Chapter 9) and use valence-shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) (Chapter 10). The Lewis structures for these substances are ... 

Draw Lewis structures for methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and water (H20). Notice the location of each shared and unshared pair of electrons. 

This Lewis structure shows methane, the simplest organic compound. The carbon atom has four valence electrons, and it obtains four more electrons by forming four covalent bonds with the four hydrogen atoms. 

Draw the Lewis structure for formaldehyde (methanal), CH2O. 

We begin to write Lewis structures for polyatomic species just as we did for methane ... 

To see how the VSEPR model works, examine the methane (CH4) molecule. The first step is to write its Lewis structure. 

Let s consider methane (CH4), a simple organic molecule. First, the Lewis structure, which shows four CH bonds, should be examined. 

In the MO picture, there will be a bonding MO (and an antibonding MO) for each bond in die Lewis structure. Furthermore, the MO model must be in accord with experimental observations. Experiments have shown that the bonds in methane are all identical, with tetrahedral geometry. Therefore, methane must have four equivalent bonding MOs, with a tetrahedral arrangement. 

This Lewis structure shows a molecule of methane, CH4. 

Drawing the Lewis structure of a molecule can help you determine the molecule s shape. In Figure 3.30, you can see the shape of the ammonia, NH3, molecule. The ammonia molecule has three bonding electron pairs and one lone pair on its central atom, all arranged in a nearly tetrahedral shape. Because there is one lone pair, the molecule s shape is pyramidal. The molecule methane, CH4, is shown in Figure 3.31. This molecule has four bonding pairs on its central atom and no lone pairs. 

Tite bonding in the hydrogen moteculo is fairly atraightforward, but the situation is miMe complicates in organic molecules with tetravalent carhon atoms. Let s start with a aunple case and consider methane. CH. Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell and tan form four bonds to hydrogens. In Lewis structures ... 

Next, let s consider the methane molecule, which has the Lewis structure... 

Let s reconsider the bonding in methane, which has the Lewis structure and molecular geometry shown in Fig. 14.1. In general, we assume that bonding involves only the valence orbitals. This means that the hydrogen atoms in methane use Is orbitals. The valence orbitals of a carbon atom are the 2s and 2p orbitals shown in Fig. 14.2. Thinking about how carbon can use these orbitals to bond to the hydrogen atoms reveals two related problems ... 

Next, think about what happens when the central atom is surrounded by four shared pairs of electrons. Examine the Lewis structure for methane, CH4, shown below. 

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