Metal hydrides, transmetallation

Pyridine-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene Rh and Ir complexes have also been described as active precatalysts for C=0 bond TH. For example, Peris and coworkers observed the formation of metal hydrides by C—H oxidative addition of a pyridine-N-substituted imidazolium salt such as N-"Bu-N -(2-pyridylmethyl-imidazolium) hexafluorophosphate in the reaction leading to M-pyNHC complexes, that is [lr(cod)H(pyNHC)Cl] (58) [54]. Transmetallation from silver carbene... 

As shown in Scheme 2.1, the catalytic cycle of the metal(O) catalyst 94 is understood by combination of the aforementioned unit reactions. The reductive elimination of 97 regenerates M(0) 94, which undergoes oxidative addition to afford 96 and starts the new catalytic cycle, then subsequent insertion gives 98 or transmetallation affords 97. The catalytic species M(0) 94 can be reproduced from X—M—H 95, which is a -elimination product of 98. The metal hydride 95 itself can also serve as a catalytic species through the insertion of alkenes. The ability of transition metals to undergo facile shuttling between two or more oxidation states contributes to making these reactions catalytic. 

Three transmetallation reactions are known. The reaction starts by the oxidative addition of halides to transition metal complexes to form 206. (In this scheme, all ligands are omitted.) (i) The C—C bonds 208 are formed by transmetallation of 206 with 207 and reductive elimination. Mainly Pd and Ni complexes are used as efficient catalysts. Aryl aryl, aryl alkenyl, alkenyl-alkenyl bonds, and some alkenyl alkyl and aryl-alkyl bonds, are formed by the cross-coupling, (ii) Metal hydrides 209 are another partner of the transmetallation, and hydrogenolysis of halides occurs to give 210. This reaction is discussed in Section 3.8. (iii) C—M bonds 212 are formed by the reaction of dimetallic compounds 211 with 206. These reactions are summarized in Schemes 3.3-3.6. 

Oxidative addition of aryl and alkenyl halides, and pseudohalides, followed by transmetallation with various metal hydrides generates Ar—M—FI species, reductive elimination of which results in hydrogenolysis of halides. In the main, Pd is used as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogenolysis. 

The reactions of type II proceed by transmetallation of the complex 5. The transmetallation of 5 with hard carbon nucleophiles M R (M = main group metals) such as Grignard reagents and metal hydrides MH generates 8. Subsequent reductive elimination gives rise to an allene derivative as the final product. Coupling reactions of terminal alkynes in the presence of Cul belong to Type II. 

The reactions of Type II proceed by transmetallation of the complex 8, Hard carbon nucleophiles MR (M = Main group metal), such as Grignard reagents and metal hydrides... 

The addition of a metal hydride to an alkene or an alkyne is a useful way of simultaneously introducing stereochemistry and a reactive carbon-metal bond into a molecule. Carbon-metal bonds are among the most versatile reactive species available, due to their reactions with a variety of functional groups and easy transformation into a C-O, C-N, or C-C bond. Transmetalation from one carbon-metal bond (C-M) to a carbon-metal bond which has a different reactivity profile (C-M ), further expands the range of possibilities. 

Aldehydes are prepared by carbonylation in the presence of hydride sources. Formation of aldehydes can be understood by transmetallation of acylpalladium 56 with a hydride to give acylpalladium hydride 57, followed by reductive elimination. Metal hydrides and hydrogen are used for aldehyde synthesis. Hydrosilane is one of the hydrides. Reaction of /I-naphthyl triflate (58) with EtsSiH using DPPF as a ligand under mild conditions afforded the aldehyde 59 [28]. Carbonylation of the alkenyl triflate 60 in the presence of tin hydride and LiCl afforded the aldehyde 61 in 95 % yield [29]. 

The second type of reactions proceed by transmetallation of the complexes 1. MR (M = main group metals) and metal hydrides MH undergo the transmetallation with 1 to generate 6. Subsequent reductive elimination gives the allene derivative 7. Also reactions of 1 with 1-alkynes in the presence of Cul to afford allenylalkynes belong to this type. 

Z)-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)-2-propen-l-ol, prepared from propargylic alcohol by metal hydride reduction and transmetallation, has been coupled with 1-naphthyl triflate to give (Z)-3-a-naphthyl-2-propen-l-ol with retention of the double bond... 

Many additional routes to metal-alkyl complexes other than transmetallation and alkylation are discussed in later chapters of this text. For example, metal-alkyl complexes are generated by insertion of an olefin into a metal-hydride or or metal-hydrocarbyl species. Such insertion reactions are discussed in Chapter 9, but an example of the synthesis of a zirconium alkyl by olefin insertion into a zirconium hydride is shown in Equation 3.9. Metal-alkyl complexes are also generated by nucleophilic attack on coordinated olefins (Equation 3.10) or carbene ligands (Equation 3.11). These reactions are presented in detail in Chapter 11. 

Vinyl complexes are typically prepared by the same methods used to prepare aryl complexes. Vinyl mercury compounds, like aryl mercury compoimds, are easily prepared (by the mercuration of acetylenes), and are therefore useful for the preparation of vinyl transition metal complexes by transmetallation. The use of vinyl lithium reagents has permitted the s rnthesis of homoleptic vinyl complexes by transmetallation (Equation 3.35). Reactive low-valent transition metal complexes also form vinyl complexes by the oxidative addition of vinyl halides with retention of stereochemistry about the double bond (Equation 3.36). Vinyl complexes have also been formed by the insertion of alkynes into transition metal hydride bonds (Equation 3.37), by sequential electrophilic and nucleophilic addition to alkynyl ligands (Equation 3.38), and by the addition of nucleophiles to alkyne complexes (Equation 3.39). The insertion of alkynes into transition metal alkyl complexes is presented in Chapter 9 and, when rearrangements are slower than insertion, occurs by s)m addition. In contrast, nucleophilic attack on coordinated alkynes, presented in Chapter 11, generates products from anti addition. 

Oxidative addition of C-CN bonds to nickel(0) can be followed by transmetalation with various main-group organometaUic reagents, and subsequent reductive elimination can result in the functionalization of C-CN bonds of nitriles (Scheme 5). As the simplest case, C-CN bonds can be transformed to C-H bonds via transmetalation with metal hydrides. Indeed, nickel-catalyzed hydrodecyanation of various aromatic and aliphatic nitriles proceeds with tetramethyldisUoxane as a hydride donor (Scheme 6) [44]. While a wide range of nitriles can be decyanated by this protocol, a relatively high amount of catalyst is required in this process, presumably because of the formation of catalyticaUy inactive (PCy3)2Ni(CN)2. The use of AlMe3 as a Lewis acid is effective in some cases to promote the C-CN bond activation. Under these reaction conditions, the relative reactivity order of different aryl electrophiles is estimated Ar-SMe>Ar-CN>Ar-OAr>Ar-OMe. 

Organometals, enolates, and metal hydrides used throughout this Handbook, especially in cross-coupling and related reactions (Part HI) and the Tsuji-Trost reaction (Part V), can, in general, readily reduce Pd(II) complexes via transmetallation-reductive elimination, as shown in Scheme 7. 

The vinyl complexes are accessible by transmetallation, oxidative addition of a vinyl halide, addition of an acid on a neutral alkyne complex, insertion of an alkyne in a metal hydride, reduction of a vinylidene complex or nucleophilic attack of a... 

---