Metal atoms thermally

Right ORTEP projection of the molecular structure down the orthonormal vector between the best plane of the C5 ligand and the metal atom (thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability). 

By contrast, ZrCl and ZrBr, also prepared by the high temperature reduction of ZrX4 with the metal, appear to be genuine binaiy halides. They are comprised of hep double layers of metal atoms surrounded by layers of halide ions, leading to metallic conduction in the plane of the layers, and they are thermally more stable than the less reduced phases. Zrl has not been obtained, possibly because of the large size of the iodide ion, and, less surprisingly, attempts to prepare reduced fluorides have been unsuccessful. 

The calculations reveal one striking difference between Cu and Ag it is found that it requires only 4 kcal/mole for the Cu atoms to move into the plane of the surface Si atoms whereas for Ag this geometry is 53 kcal/mole higher than the ground state - even when the nearest Si atoms are allowed to move away from the noble metal atom. Thus, Cu is seen to penetrate fairly easily into the Si lattice whereas Ag stays above the surface. These theoretical findings are substantiated by thermal desorption and Auger spectroscopy measurements (48) showing that at elevated temperatures Ag desorbs into the gas phase whereas Cu remains in the solid phase. 

N1 and Zn from a graphite rod were significantly lower than from a tantalum filament, suggesting that these free metal atoms can be liberated by chemical reduction of their respective oxides, rather than by direct thermal dissociation. Findlay et al (19) emphasized the hazards of preatomlzatlon losses of trace met s In electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, when the ashing temperature Is permitted to exceed the minimum temperature for vaporization of the analyte. 

The nucleation behavior of transition metal particles is determined by the ratio between the thermal energy of the diffusing atoms and the interaction of the metal atoms at the various nucleation sites. To create very small particles or even single atoms, low temperatures and metal exposures have to be used. The metal was deposited as metal atoms impinging on the surface. The metal exposure is given as the thickness (in monolayer ML) of a hypothetical, uniform, close-packed metal layer. The interaction strength of the metals discussed here was found to rise in the series from Pd < Rh < Co ( Ir) < V [17,32]. Whereas Pd and Rh nucleate preferentially at line defects at 300 K and decorate the point defects at 90 K, point defects are the predominant nucleation center for Co and V at 300 K. At 60 K, Rh nucleates at surface sites between point defects [16,33]. 

The intensity of the dicarbonyl at 2116cm is considerably reduced as compared to the 90 K deposit, indicating that the amount of metal atoms trapped at point defects is reduced for growth at 60 K. The difference in the nucleation sites is also reflected by the lower thermal stability of the systems, which decompose between 80 and 150 K as compared to 200 to 250 K for the 90 K deposits. With isotope mixing experiments the peak at 2087 cm was assigned to a carbonyl with three or more CO ligands, while the peak at 1999 cm is associated to a monocarbonyl [32]. 

The precise structural role played by the water molecules in these cements is not clear. In the zinc oxychloride cement, water is known to be thermally labile. The 1 1 2 phase will lose half of its constituent water at about 230 °C, and the 4 1 5 phase will lose water at approximately 160 C to yield a mixture of zinc oxide and the 1 1 2 phase. Water clearly occurs in these cements as discrete molecules, which presumably coordinate to the metal ions in the cements in the way described previously. However, the possible complexities of structure for these systems, which may include chlorine atoms in bridging positions between pairs of metal atoms, make it impossible to suggest with any degree of confidence which chemical species or what structural units are likely to be present in such cements. One is left with the rather inadequate chemical descriptions of the phases used in even the relatively recent original literature on these materials, from which no clear information on the role of water can be deduced. 

PDMP is the first member of the polyalkylphosphazene series. These polymers are very attractive supports for metals because of their high thermal stability and the presence of the basic nitrogen in the main chain, which is able to bind metal atoms. 

Supported model catalysts are frequently prepared by thermally evaporating metal atoms onto a planar oxide surface in UHV. The morphology and growth of supported metal clusters depend on a number of factors such as substrate morphology, the deposition rate, and the surface temperature. For a controlled synthesis of supported model catalysts, it is necessary to monitor the growth kinetics of supported metal... 

Transition metal centered bond activation reactions for obvious reasons require metal complexes ML, with an electron count below 18 ("electronic unsaturation") and with at least one open coordination site. Reactive 16-electron intermediates are often formed in situ by some form of (thermal, photochemical, electrochemical, etc.) ligand dissociation process, allowing a potential substrate to enter the coordination sphere and to become subject to a metal mediated transformation. The term "bond activation" as often here simply refers to an oxidative addition of a C-X bond to the metal atom as displayed for I and 2 in Scheme 1. 

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