Metabolites energy charge

Hansen, J.I., T. Mustafa, and M. Depledge. 1992b. Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. B. Effects on key metabolic enzymes, metabolites and energy charge potential. Mar. Biol. 114 259-264. 

B. Interactions between Energy Charge and Metabolite Modifiers. 12... 

Fig. 2. Generalized interaction between adenylate energy charge and the concentration of a metabolite modifier expected in the control of a regulatory enzyme in an amphibolic sequence. The curves correspond to low (/), normal ( ), and high h) concentrations of the metabolite modifier, From Atkinson [9],...

Fluorine is present on earth only as fluoride, a negatively charged anion that is especially important in dentistry because of its ability to mediate protection from dental caries (Chapter 16, section 16.2.1.). Although metabolites of chlorine and iodine are ubiquitous, few biological products contain fluoride because of its tight hydration shell. The few enzymes that utilize fluoride as a cofactor must overcome an exceptionally high desolvation energy barrier. 

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