Metabolic function regulation

Information concerning the metabolic function of unusual naturally occurring plant constituents might be used to develop new growth regulators. An example of a development that arose in this way began with the observation by Tolbert (143) that as much as 30% of the total soluble phosphorus in plant roots, and sometimes in the leaves,... 

Cells exposed to excessive levels of salinity have to acquire essential nutrients from a milieu with a preponderance of ions that are potentially toxic and non-essential. In this ionic environment the success of a plant cell will require intracellular tolerance and/or specific acquisition of nutrients essential for normal metabolic functioning. The cell is also exposed to an unfavourable water balance with an absolute requirement to maintain an internal osmotic regulation that favours uptake of water into the cell (Stavarek Rains, 1984 ). 

Most of the physiologic activity of thyroid hormones is from the actions of T3. T4 can be thought of primarily as a prohormone. Eighty percent of needed T3 is derived from the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissue under the influence of tissue deiodinases. These deiodinases allow end organs to produce the amount of T3 needed to control local metabolic functions. These enzymes also catabolize T3 and T4 to biologically inactive metabolites. Thyroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors and regulate the transcription of various genes. 

Yun TJ, Tallquist MD, Aicher A, Rafferty KL, Marshall AJ, Moon JJ, Ewings ME, Mohaupt M, Herring SW, Clark EA (2001) Osteoprotegerin, a crucial regulator of bone metabolism, also regulates B cell development and function. J Immunol 166 1482-1491... 

As argued in the previous sections, cellular metabolism is a highly dynamic process, and a description entirely in terms of flux balance constraints is clearly not sufficient to understand and predict the functioning of metabolic processes [334, 335], Specifically, we seek to demonstrate that the dynamic properties of large-scale metabolic networks play a far more important role than currently anticipated. Understanding the dynamics of metabolic networks will prove critical to a further understanding of metabolic function and regulation and critical to our ability to manipulate cellular system in a desired way. 

Posttranslational modifications are a sundry set of transformations that help to diversify the limited genome of organisms. The modifications discussed in this chapter have been shown to modify a wide variety of proteins whose functions vary from cell division to metabolism and regulation. While a large selection of posttranslational modifications has been discussed, the presentation is not all-inclusive of all modifications. Emphasis has been placed on the discoveries made since 2005 and on the more common modifications. The importance of posttranslational modifications on protein structure and function and cellular function has been emphasized. 

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are two important endocrine organs that are heavily committed to the biosynthesis of hormones as chemical messengers. The thyroid gland, which surrounds the larynx, has an enormous variety of metabolic functions. It is itself regulated by thyroliberin, which in turn regulates production of thyrotropin (thyroid... 

Gene Regulation in Yeast A Unicellular Eukaryote Galactose Metabolism Is Regulated by Specific Positive and Negative Control Factors in Yeast The GAL4 Protein Is Separated into Domains with Different Functions... 

P-Adrenoceptors are best known for their role in the regulation of cardiovascular, airway, uterine, and peripheral metabolic functions. Mice lacking pj, p2 and p3 receptors have been generated (Chruscinski et al. 1999 Rohrer et al. 1996 Susulic et al. 1995), but only few studies have used these models to identify subtype-specific functions of P-adrenoceptors in neurons. 

Highly populated protein domain families of H. pylori include (1) the cellular component Helicobacter outer membrane protein family (2) the sell family, which is associated with P-lactamase activity (3) members of the CagA and VacA protein families, which are secreted into host cells and are involved in pathogenesis (4) the ABC transporter family, which is associated with ATP-dependent transport of molecules across the membrane (5) the DNA methyltransferase protein domain family (6) the radical SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) family associated with various metabolic functions of pathogens and (7) the response regulator receiver domain family, which is involved in receiving the signal from the sensor domain in bacterial two-component systems. 

The main physiological function of vitamin D is in the control of calcium homeostasis, and vitamin D metabolism is regulated largely by the state of... 

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