Mesoporous production

K [1,3], which would result in the drastic increase of the mesopore in the activated carbons synthesized in 100% Hj. Based on these mechanisms of the mesopore production, control of the particle size of the Fe compound should be important to produce mesopores. The size of the particles can be controllable through adjustment of the introduced amount of Fe in the precursor, dispersion of Fe at the preparation stage of the precursor and the condition of heat-treatment such as heating rate and treatment temperature. The conditions should be optimized depending on precursors. We also confirmed the effectiveness of the present method in selective increase of mesopores of activated carbons using used coffee beans and tea leaves wastes. The results will be presented in the next paper. 

The discovery of MSP materials led immediately to the development of many experimental methods for the deposition of materials, especially catalysts, into the mesopores. We have deposited Mo oxide, and Co/Mo oxides into MCM-41 as well as into the pores of Al-MCM-41 [103]. We have also anchored Fe203 into the mesopores of titania [104]. A large variety of nanopartides has been introduced into many MSP materials. This work, however, has not been published. In addition to the characterization studies of the composite catalyst-mesoporous product, catalytic studies have also been conducted. 

Composition of the inorganic framework can be varied just like the surfactant use has been expanded beyond the original cationic species. The number of explored element combinations has been enormous and often driven by specific catalytic needs and prior experience with amorphous or crystalline compositions [37]. One of the leading approaches was doping of silica formulation with appropriate activating clement, such as aluminum (lo impart acidity) and titanium or vanadium for redox potential. Based on analogy of AlPO s and SAPO s to zeolites these compositions were also synthesized in the mesoporous form as were other non-silica inorganic oxides and their combinations [38]. Pure metal mesoporous product was obtained via the pre-formed liquid crystal route 1391. 

Basic quantitative relationships and trends governing the formation of the M41S mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 and MCM-48 are presented. The syntheses with hydroxide/surfactant molar ratio close to unity afforded high quality MCM-41 and proved particularly suitable for quantifying the effects of synthesis mixture composition and synthesis conditions upon the nature and properties of the mesoporous products. Increasing temperature and duration of crystallization resulted in unit cell expansion and a more robust silica framework. Syntheses with silica to surfactant molar ratio equal to 5 1 and higher gave MCM-41 while MCM-48 was observed at lower (3.5 1) ratios. 

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