Mesmerism

Various flow calorimeters are available connnercially. Flow calorimeters have been used to measure heat capacities, enthalpies of mixing of liquids, enthalpy of solution of gases in liquids and reaction enthalpies. Detailed descriptions of a variety of flow calorimeters are given in Solution Calorimetry by Grolier [17], by Albert and Archer [18], by Ott and Womiald [H], by Simonson and Mesmer [24] and by Wadso [25]. 

Simonson J M and Mesmer R E 1994 Electrolyte solutions at high temperatures and pressures Solution Calorimetry, Experimental Thermodynamics yo IV, ed K N Marsh and PAG O Hare (Oxford Blackwell)... 

C. Baes andj. E. Mesmer, The JPydrofsis of Cations,Wiiey-ln.tetscien.ee,New Yoik, 1975. 

Waite, Arthur Edward. The occult sciences a compendium of transcendental doctrine and experiment, embracing an account of magical practices of secret sciences in connection with magic of the professors of magical arts and of modem spiritualism, mesmerism and theosophy. London K. Paul, Trench, Trubner 8c Co. Ltd, 1891. viii,... 

The first evaluation of a medical procedure using placebo controls occurred some 200 years later. The procedure was mesmerism - now more commonly called hypnosis - as practised by the disciples of the 18th-century Viennese physician Franz Anton Mesmer. Mesmer believed that many illnesses were caused by a bodily imbalance of an invisible magnetic fluid that permeated the universe. Just as antidepressants are used today to restore a presumed chemical imbalance, so Mesmer and his followers used magnetic treatment to restore the magnetic imbalance that they believed was the cause of their patients illnesses. 

In 1784 a Royal Commission was established by Louis XVI to investigate mesmerism. Its members included some of the most illustrious figures of the time Benjamin Franklin, who was at the time the American Ambassador to France Antoine Lavoisier, the founder of modern chemistry and the infamous... 

Aluminum is ordinarily used. Ryles(31) commented on the properties of aluminum species as has Arnson(32), Lauzon(33), Schecher(34), and Baes and Mesmer (35). The distribution of aluminum species is very sensitive to pH (Figure 4). 

We were mesmerized by the X-ray structure of hydroxy ketone 56 with its AB-ring junction being both. -hybridized, revealing a very different conformation from that of 48. The structure showed near-perfect chairs for the m-fused l-a /-decalinic. With this conformational preference, the p-Me group is pseudo-equatorial with the a-Me group now being pseudo-axial position. We believe this new a-Me orientation is responsible for the fact that the C5a-carbonyl is not reduced by NaBFLt it is sterically inaccessible, even by a nucleophile as small as a hydride. 

Mesmerism had been conceived by the German physician Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) as a medical practice. He attempted to use magnets and then simply his own hands and will to amplify what he saw as a kind of fluid that connects all beings and things to each other. He also tried to heal disease by increasing this fluid s circulation in the patient s body and by transferring his fluid to his patient via an act of his own will. (He named... 

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