Membranes, cell mitochondrial

Intracellular Enzymes Stem Cell Isolation Cellular Membrane Potential Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Gene Reporter Assay Gene Silencing (siRNA)... 

Mitochondrial inner membrane (cell membrane in prokaryotes)... 

Ogbonme SM, Snhrbier A, Jones B, Cozzi SJ, Boyle GM, Morris M, McAlpine J, Johns TM, Scott KP, Sntherland JM, Gardner TTT, Le A, Lenarczyk D, Aylward JH, Parsons PG. (2004) Antitumor activity of 3-ingenyl angelate Plasma membrane and mitochondrial disruption and necrotic cell death. Cancer Res 64 2833-2839. 

Yamamoto H, Esaki M, Kanamori T, Tamura Y, Nishikawa S, Endo T (2002) Tim50 is a subunit of the TIM23 complex that links protein translocation across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Cell 111 519-528... 

Chemical analyses of membranes isolated from various sources reveal certain common properties. Each kingdom, each species, each tissue or cell type, and the organelles of each cell type have a characteristic set of membrane lipids. Plasma membranes, for example, are enriched in cholesterol and contain no detectable cardiolipin (Fig. 11-2) in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the hepatocyte, this distribution is reversed very low cholesterol and high cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is essential to the function of certain proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cells clearly have mechanisms to control the kinds and amounts of membrane lipids they synthesize and to target specific lipids to particular organelles. In many cases, we can surmise the adaptive advantages of distinct combinations of membrane lipids in other cases, the functional significance of these combinations is as yet unknown. 

Kuwana T, Mackey MR, Perkins G, Ellisman MH, Latterich M, Schneiter R, Green DR, Newmeyer DD (2002), Bid, Bax, and lipids cooperate to form supramolecu-lar openings in the outer mitochondrial membrane, Cell 111 331-342. 

Mitochondria are the energy powerhouses of cells. Mitochondrial membranes play an essential and unique function to generate energy. Mitochondria have two specialized membranes (outer and inner membranes), which are very different. Inside the inner membrane is the matrix, and the space between the outer and inner mem-... 

The amino acids of a protein control its location in the cell. Some proteins are water soluble, whereas others are bound to the ceil membrane (plasma membrane), the mitochondrial membrane, and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. The association of a protein with a membrane is maintained by a stretch of lipophilic amino acids. Insertion of this stretch into the membrane occurs as the protein is synthesized. Water-soluble proteins are formed on ribosomes that "float" free in the cytoplasm. Membrane-bound proteins are formed on ribosomes that associate with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As the amino acids are polymerized in the vicinity of the F,R, a stretch of lipophilic acids becomes inserted into the membrane of the FR. This anchoring of the protein is maintained when it is shuttled from its location in the ER to its desired location in the plasma membrane. 

Several examples of cubic membranes are identified in Amphibia. In particular, the regularly fenestrated mitochondrial cristae described in matured Sertoli cells of Xenopus laevis[23] are consistent with a cubic membrane. This mitochondrial cubic membrane shares several ultrastructural characteristics with the mitochondria observed in Pelomyxa... 

Ultrastructural changes of proximal tubular cells occur as early as 1 hour after cephaloridine administration to rabbits and are characterized by loss of brush border, less elongated mitochondria and disappearance of structures associated with endocytosis. Later ultrastructural changes include disorganization of lateral interdigitations of plasma cell membrane and mitochondrial swelling [28,29]. 

Lithgow, T., van, D.R., Bertram, J.F., and Strasser, A. (1994). The protein product of the oncogene bcl-2 is a component of the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the outer mitochondrial membrane. Cell Growth Differ. 5, 411-417. 

Liveanu, V., Webster, P. and Zilberstein, D. (1991). Localization of the plasma membrane and mitochondrial H -ATPases in Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 54 95-101. 

Piwnica-Worms D, Kronauge JF and Chiu ML. Uptake and retention of hexakis (2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile) technetium(I) in cultured chick myocardial cells. Mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential dependence. Circulation 1990 82 1826 1838. 

Donzeau M, Kaldi K, Adam A et al. Tim23 links the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Cell 2000 101 401-12. 

Biological membranes are supra-molecular systems whose extent in two dimensions considerably exceeds their thickness, which is of the order of 10 nm. The membranes are not passive, semi-permeable shells. They play important roles in the cell. Mitochondrial membranes are much thinner than most cell membranes their thickness is of the order of 5 nm. 

The cytotoxicities of both DNP and SDS are presented in Figure 6A and B. For each compound, one can determine the cytotoxic concentration exerting 50% cell damage, i.e. 50% decrease of the fluorescent signal of control cells. Depending on the target, membrane or mitochondrial damage, the best test for SDS is the calcein-AM assay, whereas the Alamar blue assay is the most sensitive one for DNP. 

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