Membrane adverse effects

Amphotericin-B is highly toxic as ergosterol is very similar to cholesterol and amphotericin has thus cross-reactivity to cholesterol in human cell membranes. Adverse effects include chills, fever, dyspnea, hepatotoxicity and anemia. However, nephrotoxicity is the most common complication, although adequate hydration can reduce the risk for this toxicity to some extend. Amphotericin induced nephrotoxicity may be irreversible. Liposomal preparations have shown to be therapeutically effective with little or no renal damage. 

Aquatic organisms, such as fish and invertebrates, can excrete compounds via passive diffusion across membranes into the surrounding medium and so have a much reduced need for specialised pathways for steroid excretion. It may be that this lack of selective pressure, together with prey-predator co-evolution, has resulted in restricted biotransformation ability within these animals and their associated predators. The resultant limitations in metabolic and excretory competence makes it more likely that they will bioacciimiilate EDs, and hence they may be at greater risk of adverse effects following exposure to such chemicals. 

Intranasal anticholinergic agents (e.g., ipratropium) reduce the severity and duration of rhinorrhea but have no effect on other nasal symptoms.11,12,21 Ipratropium reduces cholinergic hyperreactivity and cholinergically mediated histamine- and antigen-induced secretion. Intranasal ipratropium acts locally, with only minimal systemic absorption. Clinical trials demonstrated that ipratropium bromide 0.3% reduced rhinorrhea in adults and children with PAR.11,12 Intranasal ipratropium is an option for patients in whom rhinorrhea is refractory to topical intranasal corticosteroids and/or antihistamines.8,12 Intranasal ipratropium is available only by prescription, and the dose is two sprays nasally two to three times daily.15 Adverse effects are minimal, but dry nasal membranes have been reported.11,12... 

Isoniazid is bactericidal against growing M. tuberculosis. Its mechanism of action remains unclear. (In the bacterium it is converted to isonicotinic acid, which is membrane impermeable, hence likely to accumulate intracellu-larly.) Isoniazid is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. In the liver, it is inactivated by acetylation, the rate of which is genetically controlled and shows a characteristic distribution in different ethnic groups (fast vs. slow acetylators). Notable adverse effects are peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis preventable by administration of vitamin Be (pyridoxine) hepatitis, jaundice. 

Surgical removal of the inflamed synovial membrane (synovectomy) frequently provides long-term relief If feasible, this approach is preferred because all pharmacotherapeutic measures entail significant adverse effects. 

Toxicology. Ethyl silicate is an irritant of the eyes and the mucous membranes in animal studies it causes adverse effects to the kidneys. 

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processes have been used mainly for sauces or seafood and proven effective at reducing microbial populations without adverse effects on product quality (Considine et al., 2008 Brinez et al., 2006). HHP treatment causes bacterial inactivation by damaging the cell membrane, which affects membrane permeability and intracellular enzyme inactivation and possibly ruptures the plant cell wall (Kniel et al.,... 

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