Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates MCL

Conversion of grass biomass into fermentable sugars and its utilization for medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) production by Pseudomonas strains. Bioresour. Technol, 150, 202 - 209. 

Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) production from volatile fatty acids derived from the anaerobic digestion of grass. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 98 (2), 611-620. 

Kellerhals MB, Kessler B, Witholt B, Tchouboukov A, Brandi H (2000) Renewable long-chain fatty acids for production of biodegradable medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) at laboratory and pilot plant scales. Macromolecules 33 4690-4698 Kessler B, Witholt B (1998) Synthesis, recovery and possible application of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates a short overview. Macromol Symp 130 245-260 Kessler B, Witholt B (2001) Factors involved in the regulatory network of polyhydroxyalkanoate metabolism. J Biotechnol 86 97-104... 

Kellerrhals M.B., Kessler B., Witholt B., Tchouboukov, Brandi H. Renewable long-chain fatty acids for production of biodegradable medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) at laboratory and pilot plant scales. Macromolecules 33 (2000) 4690. 

Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates, MCL-PHAs, produced by bacteria as inclusion bodies or granules were analyzed in situ by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) without isolation from the cells. The kinetic DSC study of PHA granules, which contained mostly 3-hydroxyoctanoate units (PHO), in Pseudomonas putida BMOl cells showed that the polymer within the granules existed in an amorphous state, but it crystallized after dehydration of the cells under freeze-drying condition (below -50°C) followed by annealing at ambient temperature. In this manner, PHO within the cells... 

Polyhydroxybutyrate [PHB] is the most common type of polymer that falls in the category of polyhydroxyalkanoates. PHAs are generally classified into short-chain-length PHA (sCL-PHA) and medium-chain-length PHA (mCL-PHA) by the different number of carbons in their repeating units. 

Fig. 1 General structure and three types of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), including short-chain-length (SCL) PHAs, medium-chain-length (MCL) PHAs, and SCL-MCL PHAs. Their characteristics are also summarized...

The class of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is very versatile, with the largest group being the medium-chain-length (mcl) PHAs which consist of enantiomerically pure (i )-hydroxy fatty acids of between and Cj units. Since the discovery in 1983 of the Witholt group (de Smet et al. 1983) at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, more monomers have been described in the literature (see also Gudrin et al. 2009 and review by Kim et al. 2007). 

Fig. 1 Examples of functional groups found in medium-chain-length (mcl) polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). a 3,12-Dihydroxydodecanoic acid (Lenz et al. 1992), b 3-hydroxy-8-nonenoic acid (Ren et al. 2005b), c 3-hydroxy-10-undecenoic acid (Kim et al. 1998), d 8-bromo-3-hydroxyoctrmoic acid (Lenz et al. 1992), e 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (Fritzsche et al. 1990b)...

Medium Chain Length (MCL) polyhydroxyalkanoates consisting of C to C, atoms. 

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