Medicine and the State

Medicine and the State, Matthew J. Lynch and Stanley S. Raphael, two Canadian pathologists, report on a study of disabled employees of three Berlin companies ordered to be reexamined by Vertrauensdrzte between 18.3 percent and 26.5 percent declared themselves fit immediately, that is without reexamination about 25 percent to 30 percent of those remaining were found fit on reexamination. Before World War ii, more than 50 percent of the workers certified as sick in Vienna were found to be healthy enough for work. After the war, the old patten quickly reemerged, in a 1953 study conducted in Germany, out of some 85,000 claimants for sick pay ordered to be examined by trust physicians, more than half failed to present themselves for examination. 

In my view, the coercive apparatus of the state ought to be as separate from the professional treatment of medical ill health as it is from professional treatment of spiritual ill health. Such a separation of medicine and the state is necessary for the protection and promotion of individual liberty, responsibility, and dignity. 

Before considering the connections between Medicine and the state in National Socialist Germany, it may be instructive to briefly review the connections among antipoverty policies, public health measures, and the state. 

We have become a prosperous nation by separating the economy and the state, not by making the state the source of employment, as have the communists, with the disastrous results we are familiar with. We can become a healthy nation only by separating medicine and the state, not by making the state the source of health care, as have the Communists, with the disastrous results we are familiar with. 

The Founders sought to protect the American people from the religious tyranny of the state, regardless of the religion. They did not anticipate, and could not have anticipated, that one day medicine would become a religion and that an alliance between medicine and the state would then threaten personal liberty and responsibility exactly as they had been threatened by an alliance between church and state. 

Lynch, M. J., and Raphael, S. S. Medicine and the State. Oak Brook, IL Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, 1973. 

Eckart, W. U., ed., Man, Medicine, and the State The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century (Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006). 

This work was supported by the Dayton Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wright State University School of Medicine, and the Sleep-Wake Disorders Research Institute... 

The National Academy Press was created by the National Academy of Sciences to publish the reports issued by the Academy and by the National Academy at Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council, all operating under the charter granted to the National Academy of Sciences by the Congress of the United States,... 

Champix received the 2009 Canadian Prix Galien Innovative Product Award. Chantix was awarded the 2007 United States Prix Galien Award for Best Small Molecule Medicine and the 2006 Scrip for Best Small Molecule Drug Award and was a finalist in the International Prix Galien in 2008. 

Oxo-complexes are very important for Re and Tc and dominate the aqueons chemistry. For both Re and Tc, the -1-5 oxidation state is the most studied one. This reflects the relevance of this oxidation state in Tc complexes applied in nuclear medicine and the use of Re complexes as nonradioactive models. The complexes often exhibit the 0X0 M=0 + or the nitrido M=N + core (Section 3.4). 

The German constitution (Grundgesetz) provides that legislation be implemented by the individual states (Lander) unless specifically stated otherwise. The administrative supervision of the manufacture and distribution of medicines and the monitoring of observance of the Drug Law is thus entirely the responsibility of the authorities of that state in which the pharmaceutical enterprise is domiciled. The federal authorities competence is concentrated in two areas ... 

The application should be submitted on the officicil form, the Application for Entry into the Drug Register, in both English (one copy) and in Slovak (in triplicate). An integral part of the application is the Applicant s Declaration and Approval of Information Sharing between the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA), European Commission and the State Institute for Drug Control. 

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