Mediators of Toxic Responses

Most of the toxic responses summarized above involve a relatively small number of biochemical events related to oxidative injury, signaling pathways, and genotoxicity. [Pg.322]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion ( O2) and hydroxyl radical ( OH) are balanced by antioxidant enzymes and radical scavengers. Imbalance favoring ROS generation leads to lipid peroxidation, with resultant membrane damage, and DNA damage (genotoxicity). [Pg.322]

Changes in the concentration of growth factor and/or cytokine signaling molecules may lead to inflammation, proliferative responses, or apoptosis. [Pg.322]