Measurements flux vector

The amount of P supplied by resuspension was relatively small compared with water-column standing pools and major flux vectors. Thus, resuspension of bottom sediments may not be a major mode of phosphorus resupply. The pool of resuspendable P is finite. The deposition-resuspension cycle will not increase the amount of P in this pool unless P is added from another source (e.g., by diffusion of P from lower sediment levels). However, the diffusive flux would be relatively small. The resuspendable particulate P can be recycled during spring mixing by repeated deposition and resuspension, but this cycle does not increase the amount of P in the resuspendable pool. Eadie et al. (24) reported a resuspended P flux (sediment-trap-based) of3200 mg of P/m2, 66 times our estimate here. However, this large P flux would require the resuspension of over 2.0 cm of surface sediment and much higher suspended Al levels than were measured in the water column. 

A metabolic network typically contains more unknown fluxes than mass balance equations for metabolites mmetabolic flux vector r by measuring n-m fluxes (Stephanopoulos et al. 1998). By partitioning r into measured (e.g. r ) and unmeasured (e.g., r ) vectors and the stoichiometric matrix into the corresponding im and , one can easily calculate r as follows ... 

The -based metabolic flux analysis is a more advanced technique that calculates the metabolic flux vector r by additionally using the -labelled pattern of the stable and abundant protein-bound amino acids determined by either gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and/or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (Christensen et al. 2002 Sauer 2006 Wiechert et al. 2(X)1 Zamboni et al. 2005, 2009). The most sophisticated technique known as kinetic flux profiling has recently been developed to calculate the metabolic flux vector r by measuring the dynamic incorporation of labeled substrates (e.g. C, N) into downstream intermediate metabolites. This measurement can be subsequently used to calculate metabolic fluxes (rates) directly without relying on the simplified metabolic network like the traditional MFA approach (Yuan et al. 2006, 2008,2010). 

For the field calculation it more convenient to use a tx(B) curve than the normal ix(H) curve because the calculated vector potential A is derived from the flux density B. This ii(B) curve however can be calculated easily from the measured values. 

Comparison of the depositional fluxes shows that diatoms were the most important particle component transporting P to the sediment surface, accounting for 50-55% of the flux (Table II). Terrigenous material and calcite were also important transport vectors. Deposition varied markedly with season, as shown by the time series plot of the major particle components (Figure 13). The total P flux calculated by using the particle components model agreed with the flux measured by sediment traps (157-227 versus 185 mg/m2). The close agreement indicated that the major particle vectors were represented and associated P concentrations were accurately quantified. 

Some specific studies on the measurement of heat losses and indoor temperatures in buildings deserve attention. In his review of the relative importance of thermal comfort in buildings, McIntyre considered that the mean radiant temperature was the most important parameter, followed closely by the "radiation vector," which is defined as the net radiant flux density vector at a given point and measures the asymmetry of the thermal radiation field in a room (97). Benzinger et al. characterized the mean radiant temperature, and asymmetric radiation fields, using a scanning plane radiometer, which maps the plane radiant temperature in a given space indoors (98). 

Returning to the Induced dipole moment, this vector is determined with respect to both sign and magnitude by the variety of fluxes in the nonequilibrium double layer. Because of this, and because it is measurable (by dielectric spectroscopy), p, j is the most basic characteristic of non-equilibrium double layers. 

The non-vanishing of the subsystem average of the commutator implies a fluctuation in the value of the observable G over the subsystem as measured by the flux of its vector current density through the surface of the subsystem. Thus one anticipates and finds non-vanishing fluctuations in subsystem expectation values for observables which do not commute with H. 

But what is measured in fact in neutron scattering is the differential scattering cross-section, dafcIQ. (q), which is defined as the number of neutrons scattered per second towards a detector in a certain direction per incident beam flux and solid angle. In the case of a liquid or a glass sample for which the average structure is isotropic, only the vector norms (r = r and q= q ) are relevant. 

First, we note that the standard photodetection is a local measurement of the field variables (intensities). At the same time, the Aharonov-Bohm effect represents a topological measurement referred to the properties of vector potential along some loop. In the usual form, the Aharonov-Bohm effect deals with static or slowly time-varying magnetic fields [101]. The effect consists in the appearance of a persistent current in a metallic loop over which the magnetic flux passes. This current is a periodic function of magnetic flux with the period of flux quantum hc/e. Besides that, certain resistance oscillations in the loop incorporated into an external circuit with the same period can occur. 

To measure the motion of atoms (or any other particle) one defines the physical quantity flux (or more rigorously, flux density), J, which is a vector characterized by a magnitude and direction. A flux, Ji, gives the quantity of a diffusing atom (i), which passes per unit time through unit area of a plane perpendicular to the direction of diffusion. Representing the concentration, or amount per unit volume, as Ci, Fick s first law may be written as... 

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