Mass deficit

The centre-of-mass motion can be easily separated from the Schrddinger equation. Appendix I. Nothing like this has been done for the Dirac equation. The atomic mass depends on its velocity with respect to the laboratory coordinate system, the electron and proton mass also depend on their speeds, and there is also a mass deficit as a result of binding between both particles. All this seems to indicate that centre of mass separation is not possible. Nevertheless, for an energy erqaression accurate to a certain power of c, such a separation is, at least in some cases, possible. 

When there exist molecular secondary ion signals of the same nominal mass as the atomic ion that can be separated through HMR, the atomic signal invariably resides at the lower m/q value. An example of this is shown in Figure 5.2(a). This general rule of thumb arises as a result of the mass deficit exhibited by all isotopes from to Rn. Note Little in the way of isobaric interferences are noted for isotopes lighter than... 

Depending on the temperature, there may be a carbon deficit in the mass balance upon individual pulses, i.e. CO consumption may be higher than C02 formation. A certain amount of carbon may be stored in the catalyst and released upon the following CO pulses or upon the first pulses of 02. In this case, some C02 appears in phase 2. A detailed investigation of C and O mass balance during OSC measurements has been made by Holmgren et al. [24],... 

A similar niobium deficit to that on Earth was found on the moon, although the latter s lower mass would preclude the existence of pressures high enough to lead to an absorption of niobium by the FeNi core. It is thus very likely that the moon was formed from material derived from the heavenly body which collided with the Earth and from the proto-Earth s silicate-rich cmst around 4.4 billion years ago. 

Magnesium is mass fractionated by 2 to 3 %/amu in favor of the heavy isotopes (Wasserburg et al. 1977). This is about 2 times the fractionation of O. When canceling out this mass fractionation by normalizing to the terrestrial Mg/ Mg ratio, a dehcit of Mg of about 3 %o is found in both inclusions. This is generally not believed to be a deficit of radiogenic Mg (from Al) but to some unidentified nucleosynthetic effect on one of the 2 other isotopes of Mg Mg, Mg. 

Figure 4. Non-linear effects for Sr, Ba, Ndand Sm in the FUN inclusions Cl andEKldl (McCulloch and Wasserburg 1978a,b Papanastassiou and Wasserburg 1978). Relative deviations from terrestrial standard ratios are plotted after normalization with the isotope pair represented with large open squares. Each isotope is labeled with its primary nucleosynthetic source. In using s-process isotopes for normalization, clear excesses in r-process nuclei are seen for Ba and Sm in EK141. Sr is normal in both inclusions except for a deficit in the p-process Sr. AsNdhas only one pure s-process isotope at mass 142, the data in EK141 have been further corrected to yield an excess in Nd identical to that of Sm as these two isotope are pure r-process nuclei expected to be produced in comparable abundances.

Figure 11.28 shows similar data for measurements made at Idaho Hill, Colorado, in the fall of 1993 (Williams et al., 1997). Measurements were made of NO, N02, PAN, PPN, HN03, and particulate nitrate, as well as total NO. Two sets of meteorological conditions were encountered, one where the wind was downslope and from the west where there were few sources nearby, and one where the wind was upslope, carrying pollutants from urban areas to the east. Figure 11.28a shows that for upslope air masses from the east with relatively fresh emissions, the sum of the measured compounds accounts, within experimental error, for the total NOy. The average ratio of NOy/total NOy was 1.06 + 0.15. On the other hand, during periods with cleaner, downslope air from the west (which has also had more time to react), the sum of the individual compounds frequently does not add up to the total measured NOy (Fig. 11.28b). The deficit ranges...

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