Mass and Charge Transport in Ionic Crystals

In thermodynamic equilibrium, the electrochemical potential of a particle k (juk = Hk + zkeq , juk = chemical potential, p = electrical potential, zk = charge number of the particle, e = elementary charge) is constant. Gradients in jlk lead to a particle flux Jk and from linear irreversible thermodynamics [95] the fundamental transport 

(12-14) are valid for ionic (vacancies, interstitials), as well as for electronic (electrons, holes), defects. The total conductivity jtot of an ionic solid is then the sum of ionic and electronic contributions, and both consist of conductivities of different ionic (k,ion) and electronic (m,eon) defects leading to 

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