Mark Houwink Staudinger Sakurada

Zeng W, Du Y, Xue Y and Frisch HL, "Mark-Houwink-Staudinger-Sakurada Constants", In Mark JE (Ed), "Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook", 2nd Ed, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007, Chap. 17. 

Staudinger realized that for macromolecules [77] depends characteristically on the molar mass which can be expressed by the Kuhn-Mark-Houwink-Sakurada (KMHS) relationship... 

Osmotic pressure measurements for the determination of MW were used in 1900 to characterize starch. Twenty years later, the solution viscosity measurements were introduced by Staudinger for this purpose. However, it was Mark and his collaborators who developed the concept of the intrinsic viscosity ([r ]) and demonstrated that it provides information on the volume of individual colloidal particles, thus on MW. For the freely rotating chains the dependence (today known as Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation) was obtained [Guth and Mark, 1934] ... 

Routinely, molecular weights of polymers are conveniently estimated from intrinsic viscosity measurements using the Staudinger (also known as the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada) equation... 

Equation (9-151) is known as the modified Staudinger equation (originally with Or, = 1) or as the Kuhn-Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation. It was originally found empirically. K and Qrj are empirical constants obtained by calibration (see also Sections 9.9.7 and 9.9.8 and Figure 9-26). In certain special cases, Qr, can also be theoretically calculated (see Table 9-7). 

The macromolecular concept was proposed in 1917 by Staudinger, who received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1953. His theory was supported by the work of other researchers. Mark described the relationship between the viscosity of a polymer solution and its molecular weight (i.e. the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada relationship), demonstrating that cellulose was made of giant molecules. Carothers demonstrated the existence of synthetic macromolecules, and his researches led to the invention of the famous Nylon 6-6. 

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