Marine initiation time

The increase in cathodic kinetics due to the action of biofilms on passive alloy surfaces can also increase the propagation rate of galvanic corrosion. Potentiodynamic polarization studies show that cathodic kinetics are increased during biofilm formation on passive alloy surfaces. Tests on crevice corrosion samples of passive alloys S30400 and S31600 revealed that crevice initiation times were reduced when natural marine biofilms were allowed to form on the exposed external cathode surface. (Dexter)5... 

The formation and dissolution of CaCOa in the ocean plays a significant role in all of these effects (34)- CaCOa is produced by marine organisms at a rate several times the supply rate of CaCOa to the sea from rivers. Thus, for the loss of CaCOa to sediments to match the supply from rivers, most of the CaCOa formed must be redissolved. The balance is maintained through changes in the [COa] content of the deep sea. A lowering of the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere and ocean, for example by increased new production, raises the [COa] ion content of sea water. This in turn creates a mismatch between CaCOa burial and CaCOa supply. CaCOa accumulates faster than it is supplied to the sea. This burial of excess CaCOa in marine sediments draws down the [COa] - concentration of sea water toward the value required for balance between CaCOa loss and gain. In this way, the ocean compensates for organic removal. As a consequence of this compensation process, the CO2 content of the atmosphere would rise back toward its initial value. 

The above analysis of Barbados corals also places constraints on the history of the marine value. Empirical evidence suggests that diagenesis generally acts to raise the value of Barbados fossil corals, which makes the lowest initial value for each terrace the best estimate of the marine value at the time the terrace was formed. This makes it possible to extend evidence for a stable marine value beyond the last... 

However, the Slowey et al. (1995) work on shallower carbonate bank sediments (off of the Bahamas) was successful and led to the dating of a number of important events in the marine oxygen isotope record (including the timing of the Last Interglacial (Slowey et al. 1996), Termination II (Henderson and Slowey 2000) and portions of the Penultimate Interglacial (Slowey et al. 1996, Robinson et al. 2002). The shallower depths obviate the most serious of the initial thorium problems encountered in the Nicaragua Rise work. 

Torpedo. A marine weapon consisting of an underwater vehicle, a warhead, and a control mechanism, which can be a homing unit, an impact or proximity device or a time fuse. Initially developed as a surface-to-surface weapon, the torpedo has evolved into a diversified class of weapons capable of submerged launching or targeting — or both... 

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