Marine environments temperature effects

Keith, M. L., and Parker, R. H. Local variation of 13C and 180 content of mollusc shells and the relatively minor temperature effect in marginal marine environments. Mar. Geol. 3, 115-129 (1965). 

Helmke, E., and H. Weyland. 1991. Effect of temperature on extracellular enzymes occurring in permanently cold marine environments. Kieler Meeresforschungen Sonderheft 8 198-204. 

Temperature effect and climate conditions. Leg 9404 was measured in spring when seawater temperature was low, and still a little like that in winter. The climate was calm and vertical mixture was not strong, so DO concentrations were high in Leg 9404. Leg 9410 was measured in late fall and the seawater temperature was high. The marine environment was characterized by cold currents and occasional tropical storms. The vertical mixture of seawater was very strong. The higher the seawater temperature, the lower the DO concentration. 

Cl in conjunction with a direct exposure probe is known as desorption chemical ionization (DCI). [30,89,90] In DCI, the analyte is applied from solution or suspension to the outside of a thin resistively heated wire loop or coil. Then, the analyte is directly exposed to the reagent gas plasma while being rapidly heated at rates of several hundred °C s and to temperatures up to about 1500 °C (Chap. 5.3.2 and Fig. 5.16). The actual shape of the wire, the method how exactly the sample is applied to it, and the heating rate are of importance for the analytical result. [91,92] The rapid heating of the sample plays an important role in promoting molecular species rather than pyrolysis products. [93] A laser can be used to effect extremely fast evaporation from the probe prior to CL [94] In case of nonavailability of a dedicated DCI probe, a field emitter on a field desorption probe (Chap. 8) might serve as a replacement. [30,95] Different from desorption electron ionization (DEI), DCI plays an important role. [92] DCI can be employed to detect arsenic compounds present in the marine and terrestrial environment [96], to determine the sequence distribution of P-hydroxyalkanoate units in bacterial copolyesters [97], to identify additives in polymer extracts [98] and more. [99] Provided appropriate experimental setup, high resolution and accurate mass measurements can also be achieved in DCI mode. [100]... 

Tebo, B.M. and Emerson, S., Effect of oxygen tension, manganese-II concentration and temperature on the microbially catalyzed manganese-II oxidation rate in a marine fjord, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 50, 1268, 1985. 

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